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A vineyard of Vitis vinifera cv. Sangiovese was surveyed for incidence of esca and xylem sap collection. Sap samples were collected from healthy vines and from those with dual infection by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Pch) and Togninia minima (Tmi) or triple infection by Pch, Tmi and Fomitiporia mediterranea (Fme), during each early spring in a 3-year period (2001–2003). In order to analyse the possible trends in the climatic data, temperature and rainfall were assessed. At sap harvesting, aliquots of sap were assayed for phytotoxicity and extracted with ethyl acetate for phytotoxin recovery. Moreover, the exopolysaccharide (EPS) content was evaluated on several sap samples during the bleeding period. Conidia of Pch and Tmi, mycelium of Fme and their secondary metabolites were found in the sap of the esca-affected vines, indicating that the pathogens and their by-products together with some defence substances were accumulated and then translocated. Bioactivity tests showed toxicity of the sap from esca-affected vines to healthy detached leaves of cv. Sangiovese. The daily amount of sap, the pH, and the volume (Jv) and solute (Js) fluxes were analysed as a function of the infecting fungi. Pullulan, glucogalactomannan(s) and arabinogalactan(s) are the main EPS in the esca-infected vines, whereas in the sap of healthy vines no traces of pullulan were found. Scytalone and isosclerone usually produced in vitro by Pch and Tmi were also detected in the sap of vines infected by Pch and Tmi or by Pch, Tmi and Fme. The endogenous phytohormone content of healthy vines evaluated by the cutting bioassay was different from that of infected vines. Four phenolics belonging to three classes e.g., benzoic acid derivatives, stilbenes and flavonol-glycosides were separated and identified by HPLC. 相似文献
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The Azospirillum genus comprises free-living, plant growth-promoting, nitrogen-fixing bacteria found in the rhizosphere of plant roots. Azospirilla are able to promote plant growth mainly through improvement of root development. Bacterial surface components, such as extracellular polysaccharides and proteins, are involved in root colonization. Phase variation – or phenotypic variation – is one of the mechanisms by which microorganisms adapt to environmental changes. This phenomenon is characterized by the presence of a sub-population of the bacteria presenting a different phenotype relative to the major population. In this study we characterized phenotypic variation of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. When plated on solid media, some A. brasilense colonies were shown to possess a much more mucoid morphology, producing 7.5–8 times more exopolysaccharide with different monosaccharide composition than the parental strain Sp7. The rate of appearance of this kind of variant colonies was 1 in 5000, in agreement with the accepted rate for the phase/phenotypic variation phenomenon. The variants were significantly more resistant to heat and UV-exposure than the parental strain and displayed genomic changes as seen by the different band patterns following ERIC-PCR, BOX-PCR and RAPD analyses. In plant inoculation experiments under greenhouse conditions, with maize, wheat, soybean and peanuts, the EPS overproducing variants performed as similar as the parental strain. Therefore, EPS overproduction did not confer an apparent advantage to A. brasilense in terms of induction of plant growth promotion. 相似文献
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为了解EPS的粒径、热稳定性、乳化特性及流变学特性,以实验室选育的一株胞外多糖(EPS)高产菌株(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LPL061)为材料,并考察EPS的体外免疫调节功能。结果表明:芽孢杆菌EPS粒径大小为445.6nm;熔融温度为265.18℃;对食用油乳化效果较好,乳化指数达50%以上;EPS溶液为典型的假塑性流体,在20~80℃范围内黏度变化较小,具有较好耐温性;EPS能促进小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖及细胞因子产生,具有一定的免疫活性。 相似文献
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Water repellency and pore clogging at early successional stages of microbiotic crusts on inland dunes,Brandenburg, NE Germany 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Biological soil crusts play a key role for hydrological processes in many open landscapes. They seal the topsoil and generate surface run-off. Utilization of the mineral substrate at early stages of microbiotic crusts was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water repellency indices were measured using the ethanol/water microinfiltrometer method, and steady state water flow was determined on the dry crusts and after 300, 600, 1200 and 1800 s of wetting, thus allowing to follow pore clogging through swelling of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). It was found that water repellency increases with initial crust development where filamentous cyanobacteria and filamentous green algae were dominating, but decreases as coccal algae, bryophytes and fungi associated with bryophytes emerged. Swelling of EPS took place immediately after wetting, and its influence on steady state water flow was most pronounced when filamentous cyanobacteria and algae partially filled in the matrix pores and enmeshed sand grains, still leaving micropore channels available for free water infiltration, but prior to appearance of coccal algae, bryophytes and associated fungi which formed a dense cover on the surface. It was concluded that a new phase of crust succession was accompanied by easier wettability but slower infiltration. Transition from hydrophobicity to pore clogging as ruling mechanisms causing water run-off may occur during wetting of individual biological crusts, but also during crust succession over time. 相似文献
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The effect of Nostoc spp. (Cyanobacteria) inoculation on soil structure was studied in two clay soils (Calanco and Biancana) originating by erosion processes from Pliocenic marine sediments of central Tuscany (Italy). Two axenic Nostoc strains, AfS49 and KaS35, selected for their soil colonization and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production capacities, were inoculated in Petri dishes on the two clay soils sterilized by autoclaving. The soils, inoculated with an amount of cyanobacterial biomass corresponding to 1.0 g dry wt. m-2, were incubated under continuous light at 27°C for 3 months and periodically wetted using a pipette. The two strains showed different growth rates and EPS production on both soils: KaS35 produced more biomass, while AfS49 produced more EPS. This different behavior was also documented by scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations. The effect of cyanobacterial inoculation on soil structure resulted in the protection of soil porosity by reducing the damaging effect of water addition. Indeed, the incidence of transmission pores in the inoculated soils (about 30%) was higher with respect to the control soils (about 5%). Data also showed the beginning of a primary aggregation as a consequence of interaction between the secreted EPS and the morphological units of the fine soil fraction. However, no significant differences in water soil structure stability were measured between inoculated and non-inoculated soils. In this paper the interactions between the EPS produced by the two strains and the clay aggregates are discussed in order to understand the role of cyanobacterial inoculation in maintaining soil structure.Dedicated to Professor J. C. G. Ottow on the occasion of his 60th birthday 相似文献
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内生根瘤菌普遍存在于豆科植物的种子及植株体内,但其在苜蓿体内的运移通道、运移规律及运移的影响因素尚不明确。本研究用菌液中分别混合3-吲哚乙酸、LaCl3和其他根瘤菌的胞外聚合物(EPS)(过滤除去活菌菌体)对‘甘农5号’紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa ‘Gan Nong 5’)芽苗浸根处理,比较青色荧光蛋白(CFP, cyan fluorescent protein)标记根瘤菌在芽苗体内的运移动态及数量分布,探明内源根瘤菌(分离自宿主植株根瘤)与外源根瘤菌(购自中科院菌种保存中心)在宿主体内的运移差异。结果表明:胞外聚合物使Rhizobium meliloti.GNf (内源标记菌)在芽苗根和茎内的数量为对照(未添加外源物质的菌液处理)的11.43和1.71倍。50 mg·L-1的LaCl3使根内R.meliloti GNf和S.meliloti 12531f(外源标记菌)的菌体增加656.83%和303.19%,且使S.12531f在茎内的菌体仅为对照的3.64%。IAA处理使芽苗根内R.GNf和S.12531菌体增加18.34和12.11倍,使茎中S.12531增加163.09%,但R.GNf降低为对照的75.45%。IAA处理能降低芽苗子叶内R.GNf数量至对照的4.13%,表明三种外源物均能增加标记菌在芽苗根系中的数量。无外源物时,标记菌在芽苗各部位的数量差异表明,根瘤菌由根系向茎和子叶的运移通道存在仅允许内源菌通过的选择性屏障。 相似文献
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白腐真菌生长条件及其代谢动力学模型(英文) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
To investigate the growth conditions of white-rot fungus and simulate its metabolism kinetic models, the rules how the factors such as biomass, culture fluid, pH value, glucose consumption and exopolysaccharides generation, etc., changed during the batch culture process of white-rot fungi by using an air-lift fermenter, as well as metabolic kinetics of white-rot fungi were studied. Based on Logistic equation, Luedeking-Piret equation and experimental data, the correlation model parameters of mycelia biomass, glucose consumption and exopolysaccharide generation were obtained and found to be change with time in metabolism process. Detailedly, μm=0.071 8 h-1,α= 0.831 8 g/(g·h), β= 0.002 g/(g·h), b1=0.016 3 g/(g·h) and b2=3.023 3 g/(g·h). Hence the mycelial growth kinetic model, exopolysaccharide generation kinetic model and substrate consumption kinetic model which describe fermentation process of white-rot fungi were established. Meanwhile, the experimental data were verified by this model, and a good fitting result with an average relative error less than 10% between the data obtained from experiments and the model was yielded. The results show that these models can predict the growth and metabolic rules of white-rot fungus, the fermentation process of exopolysaccharides and the kinetic mechanism of white-rot fungus accurately. 相似文献
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Carolina Morgante 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2007,39(5):1222-1225
Roles of rhizobial exopolysaccharides (EPS) in symbiotic nodulation have been most thoroughly studied in legumes infected by the infection thread (IT) mechanism. Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) differs from other legumes in that rhizobial penetration and spreading inside the nodule occur without IT formation but rather by crack-entry infection. By using a defined mutant (NET30-M1024) affected in the EPS production, we have previously shown that peanut symbionts require these molecules for efficient nodulation. In this work, we monitored the relationship between the symbiotic behavior of this mutant and the EPS level production, and evaluated ex planta if these molecules could play a role in protecting the microsymbiont against plant defense reactions. 相似文献
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Muhammad?Ashraf Shahida?Hasnain Odile?Berge Tariq?MahmoodEmail author 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2004,40(3):157-162
A pot experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of inoculating five exopolysaccharide- (EPS-) producing bacterial strains on the dry matter yield and the uptake of K+, Na+, and Ca2+ by wheat seedlings grown in a moderately saline soil. The bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere soil (RS) of wheat grown in a salt-affected soil and included Aeromonas hydrophila/caviae (strain MAS-765), Bacillus insolitus (strain MAS17), and Bacillus sp. (strains MAS617, MAS620 and MAS820). The inoculation substantially increased the dry matter yield of roots (149–527% increase) and shoots (85–281% increase), and the mass of RS (176–790% increase). All the strains, except MAS617, also increased the RS mass/root mass ratio as well as the population density of EPS bacteria on the rhizoplane, and both these parameters were significantly correlated with the content of water-insoluble saccharides in the RS. Inoculation restricted Na+ uptake by roots, which was not attributable to the binding of Na+ by the RS, or to the ameliorative effects of Ca2+ under salinity. The decreased Na+ uptake by roots of inoculated than uninoculated plants was probably caused by a reduced passive (apoplasmic) flow of Na+ into the stele due to the higher proportion of the root zones covered with soil sheaths in inoculated treatments. Among the strains tested, MAS820 was the most efficient in all respects, whereas MAS617 was the least effective. Results suggested that inoculating selected EPS-producing bacteria could serve as a useful tool for alleviating salinity stress in salt-sensitive plants. 相似文献