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1.
Kulvir Singh Harinder Pal Singh Sudhir Kumar Mishra 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2020,51(7):919-931
ABSTRACTDelayed sowing and imprecise application of irrigation water to cotton has been the major hurdle in sustaining cotton yield in north-western India. Therefore, studies were initiated to ascertain the impact of heavy or normal level of presowing irrigation (PSI), scheduling time of first postsowing irrigation (POSI) under two sowing dates (SDs) on cotton arranged in a split block design replicated thrice. PSIh (100 mm) recorded 23.2% higher seed cotton yield over PSIn (70 mm) owing to better yield attributes and higher stand. First POSI at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) resulted the highest yield (3072 kg ha?1), while one at 6 WAS (POSI6) recorded least due to poor population and reduced yield attributes. Water productivity under POSI6 was lesser by 29.1%, 25.2%, and 16.2% as compared to POSI3, POSI4, and POSI5, respectively. April sown crop out yielded the May sown cotton crop by 939 kg ha?1 due to better yield attributes. Nitrogen factor productivity (NFP) among SD remained higher by 23.3% for April as compared to May sowing. PSIh exhibited better NFP over PSIn. POSI6 recorded least NFP by 24.4%, 28.5%, and 16.3% as compared to POSI3, POSI4, and POSI5, respectively and was indicative of relatively poor utilization of N under delayed schedules. Therefore, planting in April after heavy PSI and scheduling first POSI at 4 WAS is best strategy for sustaining cotton yield and maximizing farmer profitability. 相似文献
2.
红壤磷素有效性衰减过程及磷素农学与环境学指标比较研究 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
【目的】研究红壤中磷素有效性衰减的关键过程及其与施肥量的关系,明确农学与环境学土壤有效磷指标之间的数学关系。【方法】以亚热带红壤为试验材料,通过人工施肥和室内恒温（25℃）培养试验,应用Olsen（OP）、Bray-1（BP）、Mehlich-3（BP）3种农学方法和蒸馏水（HP）、CaCl2（CP）两种环境学方法,分别在1 h、3 h、12 h、24 h、3 d、6 d、9 d、15 d、30 d、60 d用新鲜土样测定土壤有效磷以及磷吸附指数（PSI）的动态变化。【结果】红壤磷素有效性衰减过程存在明显的临界期,变化范围为0.1-18.7 h,此前衰减速度很快,之后明显变慢。施肥量对临界期有显著影响,其中OP、BP、MP的临界期随施肥量增加呈线性延长的趋势,而HP、CP临界期随施肥量的增加呈幂函数延长趋势。环境学与农学指标之间表现为非线性关系,存在明显的“突变点”,据此可求算出红壤磷素迁移的环境风险临界值,其中根据CP变化求算的OP、BP和MP临界值分别为49.97、91.07和30.54 mg•kg-1,根据HP变化求算的OP、BP和MP临界值分别为60.78、82.74和39.65 mg•kg-1。磷吸附指数（PSI）随施肥量的变化范围为17.92-26.29,OP的环境风险临界值对应PSI为23.46。【结论】磷素有效性在红壤中的衰减过程存在明显的临界期,施肥量越高临界期越长,因此向环境迁移的风险就越大。土壤有效磷的环境学指标与农学指标存在非线性关系,据此可以确定出土壤磷素迁移的环境风险临界值。供试红壤的Olsen-P含量临界值为50-60 mg•kg-1,PSI的环境风险临界值为23.46。 相似文献
3.
Metabolomics - A robust bioanalytical approach for the discovery of the modes-of-action of pesticides: A review 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The agrochemical industry is facing great undertaking that includes increasing demand for the development of new crop protection agents that are safe for the environment and the consumers, and at the same time combat the issue of the emergence of resistance pest strains. The mode-of-action (MoA) is among the features of a bioactive compound that largely determine whether the abovementioned issues are addressed or not, and subsequently whether its commercial development will be addressed. The early discovery of the MoA of bioactive compounds could accelerate pesticide research and development by reducing the required time and costs. Based on advances in synthetic and natural product chemistry, scientists have access to a vast number of compounds that could potentially be developed as crop protection agents. The screening of such compounds with respect to their MoA requires accurate and robust bioanalytical tools. Metabolomics is a powerful bioanalytical tool that will likely play a significant role in the acceleration of the discovery of MoA of bioactive compounds. In the present review, the capabilities and principles and applications of metabolomics for the study of the MoA of herbicides, insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and antibiotics are discussed. 相似文献
4.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):1106-1123
In most phosphorus (P) sorption studies, P is added as an inorganic salt to a predefined background solution such as calcium chloride (CaCl2) or potassium chloride (KCl); however, in many regions, the application of P to agricultural fields is in the form of animal manure. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to compare the sorption behavior of dissolved reactive P (DRP) in monopotassium phosphate (KH2PO4)–amended CaCl2 and KCl solutions with sorption behavior of DRP in three different animal manure extracts. Phosphorus single‐point isotherms (PSI) were conducted on eight soils with the following solutions: KH2PO4‐amended 0.01 M CaCl2 solution, KH2PO4‐amended 0.03 M KCl solution, water‐extracted dairy manure, water‐extracted poultry litter, and swine lagoon effluent. The PSI values for the dairy manure extract were significantly lower than the CaCl2 solution for all eight soils and lower than the KCl solution for six soils. The PSI values were significantly higher, on the other hand, for poultry litter extract and swine effluent than the inorganic solutions in four and five of the soils, respectively. Our observations that the sorption of DRP in manure solutions differs significantly from that of KH2PO4‐amended CaCl2 and KCl solutions indicates that manure application rates based on sorption data collected from inorganic P salt experiments may be inaccurate. 相似文献
5.
Grain physical characteristics and milling behavior of a durum wheat line in which both wild-type puroindoline genes were translocated and stabilized after backcrossing (Svevo-Pin) were compared with the parent line (Svevo). The only observed differences between grain characteristics were the mechanical resistance and starchy endosperm porosity revealed through vitreosity measurement. A significant increase of flour and a decrease of semolina yield and break milling energy were observed from Svevo-Pin in comparison with the non-recombinant parent line in accordance to the lower grain mechanical resistance and higher porosity measurements. Moreover, the particle size distribution shown for Svevo-Pin flour appeared consistent with a lower adhesion between starch granules and the protein matrix attributed to the presence of wild-type puroindolines. Coarse bran yield was conversely increased. This appeared to be due to a lower starchy endosperm recovery as a higher proportion of grain starch was found in this bran fraction. Flour from the durum parent line was inversely enriched in phytic acid, a cellular marker of the aleurone layer. Starch damage was also lower in Svevo-Pin flours in comparison with Svevo. All of the observed differences between translocation and parent lines were confirmed independent of the culture growth conditions (n = 12). 相似文献
6.
红壤基质组分对磷吸持指数的影响 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
在红壤旱地肥料长期定位试验(始于1988年)中,选取了无机肥试验区的NPK、NP、NK、PK,有机无机配施试验区的CK、CK+猪厩肥(BM)及CK+花生秸秆(SR)等7个施肥处理土壤,测定了土壤磷吸持指数(Phosphate sorption index,PSI),分析了PSI与红壤最大吸磷量(Xm)的相关关系,讨论了土壤pH、有机质、黏粒、铁铝氧化物及无机磷酸盐等基质组分对PSI的影响。结果表明:长期施磷或配施有机肥均可显著降低红壤PSI值,随着土壤pH的升高、有机质及铁结合态磷酸盐(Fe-P)含量的增加,红壤PSI显著降低;土壤游离铁铝氧化物及黏粒含量越高,PSI也越大。PSI与Xm呈显著线性相关关系(Xm=0.5PSI+412.8,n=15,r=0.967**,p<0.01),因此,可以用PSI替代Xm来表征土壤固磷能力,亦可由PSI的大小来推断土壤磷的供磷能力。 相似文献
7.
文章基于ASTV-2实验系统,使用计算机制作TS码流,通过USB传输线传输至数字电视实验系统,以射频方式发射,通过实验终端接收广播信息和TS码流,实现节目专用信息的分析。 相似文献
8.
高温胁迫对茶树叶片光合系统的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以龙井43为材料,高温（43℃）处理48βh后,分别用调制荧光成像系统和双通道荧光仪分析其受胁迫的状态和光合系统的受损情况。结果表明,受到高温胁迫后：茶树会表现出一系列的热害症状;茶树叶片的光合速率持续下降,Rubisco最大羧化速率（Vc,max）以及RuBP的最大再生速率（Jmax）显著降低;Fv/Fm、Y(II)和Y(I)迅速降低,Y(NO)和Y(NA)上升,说明光系统II和光系统I的结构在高温胁迫下受到了伤害;茶树的ΦPSⅡ、ETR(II)和ETR(I)均显著下降,表明电子传递受到严重破坏;光系统I对高温胁迫的耐受性较高,抗强光损伤能力在高温胁迫下变强,而光系统II易受到高温伤害,抗强光损伤能力在高温胁迫下变弱。 相似文献
9.
长期施肥对旱地红壤团聚体磷素固持与释放能力的影响 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
在中国科学院红壤生态试验站26年的旱地红壤长期肥料定位试验中,选取无机肥试验区的NPK、NK处理,有机无机肥配施试验区的对照(CK)、CK+稻秆(RS)、CK+花生秸秆还田(PS)、CK+绿肥(FR)及CK+猪厩肥(PM)等7个肥料处理土壤,采用湿筛法逐级提取并得到粒级依次为2 mm、2~1 mm、1~0.25 mm与0.25~0.053 mm的团聚体土壤样品;通过室内分析获得了土壤及各粒级团聚体的全磷(TP)、有效磷(Available P)、水溶性磷(CaCl_2-P)、土壤磷素吸持指数(PSI)及土壤磷素饱和度(DPS)等指标值,并探讨了上述测定指标间的相关关系。结果表明:长期施用磷肥可有效保持旱地红壤的供磷水平,配施猪厩肥可显著增加旱地红壤及大小团聚体的TP、有效磷及CaCl_2-P含量、降低土壤PSI并显著增大旱地红壤DPS,加大了旱地红壤磷素的流失风险;随着土壤中1 mm粒级团聚体数量的增多,旱地红壤磷素储量显著增加,磷素固持能力显著下降,土壤磷释放潜能随之增大。由DPS、有效磷及CaCl_2-P的分段线性拟合方程可以推断得出,当旱地红壤中有效磷为168~260 mg kg~(-1)时或DPS28%,土壤磷素具有潜在流失风险;当有效磷≥260 mg kg~(-1)或DPS≥28%,土壤磷素具有极高的流失风险,应立即停止施用磷肥尤其是有机磷肥,并重新调整施肥方案,以避免土壤磷素流失及其对水体环境的污染。 相似文献
10.
陕西关中小麦品种籽粒硬度及测定方法研究 总被引：14，自引：3，他引：14
采用四种测定小麦硬度的方法对陕西关中地区33个小麦品种（品系）的籽粒硬度进行了评价，结果表明，陕西关中小麦有9．1属于硬麦，78．8％属于中硬麦，12．1％属于软麦。提出颗粒指数法（PSI），研磨体积法，近红外法（NIR），角质率法测定小麦硬度的评价标准。结果认为：PSI法，研磨体积法和NIR法测定结果的分布对应性较高，NIR法与其它测定方法相关性较高，高角率法有一定局限性。 相似文献