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1.
气候变暖背景下河南省夏玉米花期高温灾害风险预估 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为预估未来气候变暖背景下夏玉米花期高温灾害风险,根据河南省19个农业气象观测站夏玉米抽雄期常年观测资料和未来RCPs(representativeconcentrationpathways)气候变化情景数据,构建夏玉米花期高温风险评价指标,开展河南省夏玉米花期高温灾害时空特征及风险演变分析。其中RCPs气候情景数据包括基准气候条件(1951—2005年, RCP-rf)和未来(2006—2050年)RCP 4.5(中)、RCP 8.5(高)两种浓度路径数据。以抽雄普遍期及之后7d确定为夏玉米花期,并内插匹配气候情景格点数据。以花期最高气温≥32℃和≥35℃作为轻度和重度高温灾害发生阈值,根据轻、重度夏玉米花期高温发生频率和高温积害,建立风险评价指标并分级。结果表明, RCP-rf情景下全省夏玉米花期高温发生频率在20.5%～81.0%(≥32℃)和3.9%～51.9%(≥35℃)。与基准条件相比,≥32℃高温发生频率增加9.1%(RCP4.5)和11.0%(RCP8.5),≥35℃高温发生频率增加8.7%(RCP4.5)和8.3%(RCP8.5)。RCP-rf情景下全省夏玉米花期高温积害在48.5～200.9℃·d(≥32℃)和9.8～138.5℃·d(≥35℃)。与基准条件相比,≥32℃高温积害增加25.4℃·d (RCP 4.5)和25.6℃·d (RCP 8.5),≥35℃高温积害增加25.8℃·d (RCP 4.5)和31.4℃·d (RCP 8.5)。由综合风险分析可知, RCP-rf情景下夏玉米花期高温灾害高值风险区主要分布在新乡、郑州、许昌、漯河、周口及其以东以北的地区(商丘除外),约占夏玉米主栽区面积的30.1%;RCP4.5情景下高值风险区扩大至洛阳和南阳以东的大部分地区,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的63.4%; RCP 8.5情景下高值风险区面积进一步向西扩大,约占夏玉米主栽区面积的占76.3%。 相似文献
2.
构建了基于梯形模糊数和分布式作物模拟模型的空间分布式农业生产预警模型来实现作物产量和水分生产力综合警情预警预报。模型采用空间分布式作物产量和水分生产力作为警情指标来计算系统警级,引入梯形模糊数来表征目标产量和水分生产力的不确定性,采用空间分布式作物模拟模型来模拟常规灌溉、0.8倍常规灌溉和0.6倍常规灌溉下的作物产量和水分生产力,进而对现状1976—2012年和未来RCP4.5情景下2026—2045年不同灌溉水平下进行农业生产风险预报预警,并衡量了未来20年产量和水分生产力的静态协调度和每5年4个周期的动态协调度。结果表明,同一作物在不同土壤类型和不同灌溉水平下预警等级不同,警级随着灌溉水平的降低呈现不规则变化规律,协调性随着灌溉水平的降低而减小。模型能够识别出未来气候变化不同节水灌溉水平下的空间异质性作物产量和水分生产力的警级,实现精准化农业生产风险预警预报,有利于实现高效率降警处理。 相似文献
3.
【Objective】 At present, most drought studies were based on historical drought events to analyze the causes and trends. This paper sought to simulate the drought index method when outputting future meteorological data based on CMIP5 model, and explored the characteristics of past and future drought changes in Shaanxi Province, which could provide a basis for the future management of agricultural water resources in Shaanxi Province. 【Method】Based on the historical data of 18 meteorological stations in Shaanxi Province and CMIP5 model, the future meteorological data were output. The reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) was simulated by comparing three kinds of models. The standard precipitation evaporation index (SPEI) and relative moisture index (MI) were calculated based on the reference crop ET0 and precipitation data to reflect the drought degree. The spatial and temporal characteristics of drought in the past (1958-2017) and in the future (2018-2100) were compared.【Result】Multiple linear regression (MLR) simulation could accurately predict the reference crop ET0 (RMSE=0.457 mm·d -1). In the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios, the future drought index showed an upward trend. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, there was a sudden change in the drought index in the 1940s. The degree of drought would decrease in the future of Shaanxi Province, and the distribution of drought would be more uneven during the year. In the future, the degree of drought would decrease during summer maize growth season, and the degree of drought would increase during winter wheat growth season.【Conclusion】The characteristics and extent of drought change were different under different RCP scenarios. The changes in drought characteristics reflected by SPEI and MI were basically the same, but there were differences in the changes in some time periods. In order to effectively cope with the negative impact of climate change on dry crop yields, it was necessary to enhance soil water storage and conservation capacity, especially to strengthen drought resistance during the winter wheat growing season. 相似文献
4.
The extreme temperature has more outstanding impact on ecology and water resources in arid regions than the average temperature. Using the downscaled daily temperature data from 21 Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project(CMIP) models of NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections(NEX-GDDP) and the observation data, this paper analyzed the changes in temporal and spatiotemporal variation of temperature extremes, i.e., the maximum temperature(Tmax) and minimum temperature(Tmin), in the Kaidu-Kongqi River basin in Northwest China over the period 2020–2050 based on the evaluation of preferred Multi-Model Ensemble(MME). Results showed that the Partial Least Square ensemble mean participated by Preferred Models(PM-PLS) was better representing the temporal change and spatial distribution of temperature extremes during 1961–2005 and was chosen to project the future change. In 2020–2050, the increasing rate of Tmax(Tmin) under RCP(Representative Concentration Pathway) 8.5 will be 2.0(1.6) times that under RCP4.5, and that of Tmin will be larger than that of Tmax under each corresponding RCP. Tmin will keep contributing more to global warming than Tmax. The spatial distribution characteristics of Tmax and Tmin under the two RCPs will overall the same; but compared to the baseline period(1986–2005), the increments of Tmax and Tmin in plain area will be larger than those in mountainous area. With the emission concentration increased, however, the response of Tmax in mountainous area will be more sensitive than that in plain area, and that of Tmin will be equivalently sensitive in mountainous area and plain area. The impacts induced by Tmin will be universal and farreaching. Results of spatiotemporal variation of temperature extremes indicate that large increases in the magnitude of warming in the basin may occur in the future. The projections can provide the scientific basis for water and land plan management and disaster prevention and mitigation in the inland river basin. 相似文献
5.
研究了300 MW轴封型核主泵循环油泵的螺旋轴流式叶轮结构功能和性能特点,对循环油泵过流部件的内部流动进行了三维数值模拟,并预测了油泵的水力性能,论证了螺旋轴流式叶轮和径向导叶设计及参数选取的合理性.通过对循环油泵在不同介质温度下的水力性能试验,分析不同油温下滑油黏度对水力性能的影响及其机理.结果表明:在大流量工况下,循环油泵性能的预测结果和试验结果具有较好的一致性;螺旋轴流式结构使循环油泵具有高抗汽蚀性能和高可靠性,但效率仅为10%左右;循环油泵的效率和扬程均随着温度的升高而升高,这是由于滑油黏度随温度升高而减小,叶轮的圆盘摩擦损失、叶轮和导叶流道内部的流动损失均明显减小;循环油泵的水力特性完全满足核主泵推力轴承滑油系统的的运行要求,研究结果可为润滑油系统的分析与设计提供依据. 相似文献
6.
Farzaneh KHAJOEI NASAB 《干旱区科学》2020,12(6):1031-1045
Climate change may cause shifts in the natural range of species especially for those that are geographically restricted and/or endemic species. In this study, the spatial distribution of five endemic and threatened species belonging to the genus Onosma (including O. asperrima, O. bisotunensis, O. kotschyi, O. platyphylla, and O. straussii) was investigated under present and future climate change scenarios: RCP2.6 (RCP, representative concentration pathway; optimistic scenario) and RCP8.5 (pessimistic scenario) for the years 2050 and 2080 in Iran. Analysis was conducted using the maximum entropy (MaxEnt) model to provide a basis for the protection and conservation of these species. Seven environmental variables including aspect, depth of soil, silt content, slope, annual precipitation, minimum temperature of the coldest month, and annual temperature range were used as main predictors in this study. The model output for the potential habitat suitability of the studied species showed acceptable performance for all species (i.e., the area under the curve (AUC)>0.800). According to the models generated by MaxEnt, the potential current patterns of the species were consistent with the observed areas of distributions. The projected climate maps under optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, respectively) of 2050 and 2080 resulted in reductions and expansions as well as positive range changes for all species in comparison to their current predicted distributions. Among all species, O. bisotunensis showed the most significant and highest increase under the pessimistic scenario of 2050 and 2080. Finally, the results of this study revealed that the studied plant species have shown an acute adaptability to environmental changes. The results can provide useful information to managers to apply appropriate strategies for the management and conservation of these valuable Iranian medicinal and threatened plant species in the future. 相似文献
7.
气候模拟数据订正方法在作物气候生产潜力预估中的应用 ——以江苏冬小麦为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用全球气候模式BCC_CSM1.1（Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model version 1.1）,耦合区域气候模式RegCM4（Regional Climate Model version 4）输出的1961-1990年（基准时段）气候模拟数据,并根据同期实测资料,确定模拟值和实测值之间的非线性传递函数与方差订正参数,构建气候模拟数据的误差订正模型。利用1991-2005年（验证时段）模拟数据与实测资料验证该模型的有效性,并对RCP（Representative Concentration Pathway）情景下2021-2050年（未来时段）气候模拟数据进行订正,同时通过潜力衰减方法预估未来江苏冬小麦气候生产潜力格局。结果表明：将气候模拟数据订正方法应用到作物气候生产潜力预估是有效的。以均值传递函数和方差信息建立的模型可以较好订正江苏逐日气候模拟数据。订正后的秋冬季气温、辐射量、蒸散量和冬春季降水量模拟偏差明显减小。在此基础上研究发现,冬小麦的成熟期在RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下介于153~175和153~174,较基准时段均明显提前。两种情景下冬小麦气候生产潜力分别介于10335~14368kg·hm-2和9991~13708kg·hm-2,较基准时段呈下降趋势。其变异系数分别介于7.6%~14.6%和7.5%~13.6%,较基准时段呈增大趋势,表明江苏冬小麦气候生产潜力总体趋于不稳定。未来时段,徐州中北部、连云港东北部、宿迁西部以及盐城东南部冬小麦在RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下可以保持相对较高的生产潜力（≥12501kg·hm-2）,该省应确保这些地区的冬小麦种植用地。研究建议,作物气候生产潜力预估应考虑利用研究区实测资料对气候模拟数据进行订正,以提高预估可信度。 相似文献
8.
华北平原干旱事件特征及农业用地暴露度演变分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据1961-2014年华北平原52个气象观测站月降水数据和区域气候模式COSMO-CLM（CCLM）输出的逐月降水预估数据,利用标准化降水指数,结合“强度-面积-持续时间”（Intensity-Area-Duration, IAD）方法,研究了华北平原过去（1961-2014年）和未来（2016-2050年）3种排放情景(RCP2.6、4.5、8.5）下,不同持续时间的区域最强干旱事件的强度-面积特征及其时空分布规律。同时,基于2000年的土地利用数据,分析了2016-2050年华北平原农业用地暴露度的演变。研究表明：（1）1961-2014年,华北平原干旱中心在空间上呈由南向北迁移的趋势。（2）相比基准期（1961-2005年）,过去45a未遇的干旱事件在2016-2050年RCP3种情景下均有可能发生;RCP2.6情景下发生频率最高。（3）2016-2050年,RCP2.6和RCP 4.5情景下,华北平原农业用地干旱暴露度（即暴露面积）呈增大趋势,RCP4.5情景下干旱暴露面积增加的速率更大,RCP8.5情景下则与之相反,呈减小趋势。3种情景下暴露度峰值分别出现在2040s后期,2040s前期及2020s中期。 相似文献
9.
【目的】目前干旱研究多为基于历史干旱事件分析成因与变化趋势,而结合过去与未来长时间序列数据更能揭示干旱变化特点。寻找在基于CMIP5模型输出未来气象数据时模拟干旱指数方法并探究陕西省过去与未来干旱变化特点,为陕西省未来农业水资源管理提供依据。【方法】根据陕西省18个气象站历史数据以及CMIP5模式输出未来气象数据,比较了3种模型模拟参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET0）,并基于参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET0）和降水数据计算标准降水蒸发指数（SPEI）和相对湿润指数（MI）反映干旱程度,比较过去（1958—2018年）与未来（2019—2100年）干旱的时空变化特点。【结果】多元线性回归模型（Multiple Linear Regression, MLR）能较准确的模拟参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET0）（RMSE=0.457 mm·d -1）;在RCP2.6和RCP8.5情景下未来干旱指数呈现上升趋势,在RCP8.5情景下,21世纪40年代存在干旱指数的突变年份;陕西省未来干旱程度降低,年内干旱分布更加不均匀;未来时期夏玉米生长季干旱程度减小,冬小麦生长季干旱程度增加。【结论】在不同RCP情景下,未来干旱变化特征存在差异,相同RCP情景下,SPEI和MI反映的干旱特征变化基本一致,但部分时段存在变化差异。为有效应对气候变化对旱作作物产量造成的负面影响,应当增强土壤蓄水保墒能力,尤其加强冬小麦生长季的抗旱工作。 相似文献
10.
为模拟未来气候变化对夏玉米发育期影响并估算增温背景下夏玉米收获至冬小麦播种间可调节热量资源,将河南省划分为4个夏玉米主栽区,引入未来气候变化情景(RCPs)数据驱动参数本地化后的CERES-Maize模型开展研究。结果表明:2006—2060年夏玉米生长季积温呈显著上升趋势,较基准条件(1951—2005年)平均增加179(RCP 4.5)和235℃·d(RCP 8.5)。未来情景下夏玉米播种—开花和播种—成熟日数均呈缩短趋势,其中豫西(Ⅱ区)的变化率高于其他地区。2050s夏玉米播种—开花期全省平均缩短2.7(RCP 4.5)和3.4d(RCP 8.5),播种—成熟期平均缩短9.4(RCP 4.5)和11.6d(RCP 8.5),其中豫西(Ⅱ区)缩短最多。夏玉米可调节热量资源估算结果表明,未来气候变化情景下夏玉米成熟后—冬小麦播种前可调节热量资源豫东(Ⅲ区)增加最多,分别增加244.6(RCP 4.5)和296.8℃·d(RCP 8.5),豫西(Ⅱ区)增加最少,分别增加152.3 (RCP 4.5)和215.8℃·d(RCP 8.5)。未来气候变化情景下夏玉米可生长日数豫西南(Ⅳ区)增加最多,分别增加9(RCP 4.5)和11d(RCP 8.5),其他各区夏玉米可生长日数在RCP 4.5情景下分别增加8 (豫北Ⅰ区)、6 (豫西Ⅱ区)和8d(豫东Ⅲ区);RCP 8.5情景下分别增加9(豫北区)、8(豫西Ⅱ区)和10d(豫东Ⅲ区)。秋收秋种间可调节热量资源的增加将对提高玉米产量产生重要作用。 相似文献