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Arnulf Soleng Antonio B.S. Polo Tor A. Bakke 《Aquaculture (Amsterdam, Netherlands)》2005,250(3-4):616-620
Both laboratory and field experiments have demonstrated that aqueous aluminium can act as a paraciticide to the monogenean Gyrodactylus salaris Malmberg, 1957 infecting freshwater salmonids. However, the reproductive conditions of gyrodactylids surviving to cessation of an aluminium exposure is unknown. Therefore, Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr infected with G. salaris was experimentally exposed to elevated concentrations of aqueous aluminium for more than 1 month. During this period, the infection increased the first week before it peaked and started to steadily decline approaching elimination. When almost all parasite specimens were eliminated, the water quality was adjusted to normal aluminium-poor freshwater. During the next 3 weeks, the surviving G. salaris were shown to clearly resume their reproduction. The experiment demonstrates the potential of the gyrodactylids to reproduce after cessation of an aluminium exposure. Thus, the as-yet unknown mechanism behind the toxic effects of aluminium on G. salaris survival and reproduction might to some extent be reversible. The present study gives further support for this metal as a parasiticide to G. salaris but demonstrates at the same time that in order to eliminate the parasites totally, the aluminium treatment must eradicate all G. salaris from the skin of the infected hosts. Furthermore, the potential development of resistance to aluminium should also be studied. 相似文献
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3种植物源农药对鹌鹑和斑马鱼的急性毒性评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]通过测试印楝素、除虫菊素、鱼藤酮3种植物源农药对鹌鹑和斑马鱼的急性毒性,评价其对环境的安全性。[方法]采用一次性＂经口染毒法＂和＂半静态法＂,确定3种农药对鹌鹑和斑马鱼的毒性大小与分级。[结果]印楝素、除虫菊素、鱼藤酮对鹌鹑急性毒性的LD50（168h）分别为13.09、97.04和111.75mg/kg.bw;对斑马鱼急性毒性的LC50（96h）分别为0.05、0.15和0.03mg/L。印楝素对鹌鹑的急性经口毒性等级为高毒,除虫菊素和鱼藤酮为中毒;印楝素和鱼藤酮对鱼的急性毒性等级为剧毒,除虫菊素为高毒。[结论]3种药剂对鹌鹑和斑马鱼都不安全,实际应用中必须减少其对生态环境的危害。 相似文献
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STEVEN S. NICHOLSON 《Veterinary dermatology》1995,6(3):139-143
Abstract— Toxicoses associated with products which are derived from plants and then used as insecticides and skin care/grooming aids on animals, are reviewed. These include pyrethrins, pyrethroids, rotenone, pennyroyal oil, d -limonene, linalool and melaleuca oil. Poisoning is uncommon and generally results from exposure to concentrations stronger than that recommended by the manufacturer. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids may cause excessive salivation, tremors, ataxia, depression, hyperexcitability/hyperactivity, seizures, dyspnea and rarely death of the animal. Ingestion of rotenone by licking may induce vomiting in dogs and cats. d -Limonene may cause excess salivation, marked hypothermia, shivering and ataxia in cats, and dermal exposure of cats to a spray containing linalool, d -limonene and piperonyl butoxide at 5 and 10 times normal concentration has caused depression and recumbency lasting for several DAys. This was followed by recovery without treatment. Melaleuca oil has been associated with ataxia, incoordination, weakness, tremors and depression. Bathing with a mild detergent, treatment of associated signs, and providing supportive care are usually adequate therapy for these toxicoses. An exception is pennyroyal oil which is hepatotoxic. Résumé— Les toxicités des produits d'origine végétale utilisés comme insecticides et comme topiques dermatologiques chez l'animal sont présentées. Ces produits comprennent les pyréthrines, les pyrethinoïdes, la roténone, l'huile de poulior, la citronnelle, le linalcool, et l'huile de melaleuca. Les intoxications sont rares et résultent généralement de l'exposition à des concentrations supérieures à celles recommandées par le fabricant. Les pyréthrines et les pyrethrinoïdes peuvent entraïner une siallhorée, des tremblements, une ataxie, un abattement, une hyperexcitabilité/hyperréactivité, des convulsions, une dyspnée, et rarement la siallhorée, une hypothermie marquée, des tremblements, et une ataxie chez le chat, et la pulvérisation de chats avec un aérosol contenant du linalool, de la citronnelle et du butoxyde de piperonyl à des concentrations 5 à 10 fois supérieures à la normale à provoqué un abattement et une prostration qui a duré plusieurs jours. Ceci a été suivi par une guérison sans traitement. L'huile de melalcuca a provoqué parfois ataxie, incoordination, faiblesse, tremelements et abattement. Les traitements indiqués lors d'intoxication associent un lavage avec un détergent doux, un traitement symptomatique et une réanimation. L'huile de poulior est une exception car elle est hépatotoxique. [Nicholson, S. S. Toxicity of insecticides and skin care products of botanical origin (Toxicité des insecticides et des produits dermatologiques d'origine végétale). Resumen— Se revisan las toxicosis asociadas a compuestos derivados de plantas y utilizados como insecticidas y productos dermatológicos o de cuidado de la piel en animales. En éstos se incluyen piretrinas, piretroides, rotenona, aceite de Mentha pulegium, D-limoneno, linanol y aceite de maleleuca. Las intoxicaciones son infrecuentes y son a menudo debidas uso de concentraciones mayores a las recomendadas por el productor. Las piretrinas y los piretroides pueden causar hipersialia, temblores, ataxia, depresión, hiperexcitabilidad, hiperactividad, ataques, dispnea y ocasionalmente muerte del animal. La ingestión de rotenona por lamido puede inducir el vómito en perros y gatos. El D-limoneno puede causar exceso de salivación, fuerte hipotermia, temblores y ataxia en gatos; la exposición de la piel del gato a un pulverizador con linalol, D-limoneno y butóxido de piperonilo a concentraciones 5 o 10 veces superior a la normal provocó depresión y postración de varios dias de duración. La recuperación a este cuadro fue completa sin tratamiento. El aceite de malaleuca se ha asociado con ataxia, incoordinación, debilidad, temblores y depresión. El traitamiento de estas toxicosis consiste en bañar al animal con un detergente suave, un tratamiento sintomático y teriapia de soporte. Una excepción a ésto es el aceite de Mentha pulegium, que es hepatotóxico. [Nicholson, S. S. Toxicity of insecticides and skin care products of botanical origin (Toxicidad de los insecticidas y productos dermatológicos de origen botánico). 相似文献
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鱼藤酮与氟虫腈混用增效对黄曲条跳甲的控制作用 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
黄曲条跳甲是蔬菜重要害虫，生产实践中亟需高效安全的防治药剂。采用浸渍法从有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、新型杂环、植物源类等共16种常用杀虫剂中筛选出对黄曲条跳甲成虫触杀活性较高的鱼藤酮和氟虫腈，两者以3：2混用时，处理后24h对黄曲条跳甲成虫的LC50为9．60μg／mL，共毒系数为230．14，增效作用明显。以此配方配制成6％鱼氟乳油，质量稳定合格，触杀活性强，作用迅速，以0．45μg/cm^2和0．75μg/cm^2剂量药膜法处理后48h校正死亡率分别为83．72％和98．70％；以50μg/mL处理试虫致死中时LT50为10．12min。鱼氟乳油处理显著增强对黄曲条跳甲成虫呼吸的抑制作用可能是其主要增效机制。6％鱼氟乳油450mL／hm^2处理后10天内，田间虫口减退率为72％～96％．防治效果为90％以上。 相似文献
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Mehmet Be?ir Akpinar Semsettin Sahin Atilla Ilhan 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2005,82(3):233-239
Rotenone, an insecticide, causes toxicity through inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain at complex I and oxidative injury to the tissues. The aim of the present study was to determine in vivo effects of rotenone on myocardium and cardio-protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an antioxidant agent, against rotenone toxicity in rats. The rats were divided into three groups: untreated control, rotenone (2.5 mg/kg/day for 60 days, i.p.) and rotenone + CAPE groups. CAPE was administrated i.p. 10 μmol/kg/day for 62 days started two days before first dose rotenone injection. The malondialdehyde, nitric oxide levels and xanthine oxidase activity of rotenone group was significantly higher than control and rotenone + CAPE groups (p < 0.05). However, catalase activity in the rotenone group was decreased in comparison with the other groups (p < 0.05). The superoxide dismutase activity of rotenone group was insignificantly decreased compared to the others. In conclusion, rotenone caused lipid peroxidation in myocardial tissue and CAPE treatment prevented this rotenone-induced lipid peroxidation in rats. CAPE might be a cardio-protective agent against myocardial toxicities. 相似文献
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湘西黑藤的杀虫活性及其杀虫成分 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】研究湘西黑藤的杀虫活性及其有效成分。【方法】通过叶片浸渍法和叶碟法测定了该植物提取物对几种害虫的杀虫活性和拒食活性，并在活性跟踪的基础上，通过萃取、柱层析、薄层制备、重结晶、核磁共振和质谱等方法对其有效成分进行了分离和鉴定。【结果】该植物仅根有杀虫活性，根甲醇提取物对桃蚜无翅蚜成虫、3龄菜青虫、白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫、玉米螟3龄幼虫、黄曲条跳甲成虫、棉蚜无翅蚜成虫和甘薯天蛾3龄幼虫都有毒杀效果，其24 h的LC50值分别是30.9 mg•L-1、38.4 mg•L-1、135.4 mg•L-1、161.7 mg•L-1、180.3 mg•L-1、212.9 mg•L-1和244.5 mg•L-1。首次从该植物根中分离和鉴定了5个活性化合物，即鱼藤酮、6a，12a-脱氢鱼藤素、Tephrosin、Isolonchcarpin和Pongaflavone。鱼藤酮、6a,12a-脱氢鱼藤素和Tephrosin对白纹伊蚊4龄幼虫、3龄菜青虫、黄曲条跳甲成虫和棉蚜都表现出毒杀活性，在浓度为100 mg•L-1时，死亡率为62.3％～100％；Isolonchcarpin和Pongaflavone对甘薯天蛾3龄幼虫有拒食活性，48 h的AFC50值分别是195.5 mg•L-1和106.6 mg•L-1。【结论】湘西黑藤各部位中仅根为活性部位。该植物根的甲醇提取物对棉蚜等多种害虫有较高的活性。首次从该植物的根中分离5个活性成分，即鱼藤酮、6a，12a-脱氢鱼藤素、Tephrosin、Isolonchcarpin和Pongaflavone。前3个成分对多种害虫有较高的毒杀活性，后2个成分对甘薯天蛾幼虫有拒食活性。 相似文献
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