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1.
A detailed study has been conducted to evaluate the residues of endosulfan and its principal metabolite (alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) which may have accumulated in environmental samples due to regular aerial spray application of endosulfan on cashew leaf plantation for a period of 20 years. Three months after the last spray of endosulfan 350 g litre-1 EC at 300 ml acre-1 (equivalent to 105 g AI acre-1 = 42.5 g ha-1), a total of 93 samples of cow milk, fish, water, soil and dried cashew leaf were collected from a village in Kasargode District, Kerala, India, where endosulfan contamination was likely to have occurred. All the samples were analyzed for total residues of endosulfan (comprising alpha- and beta-endosulfan), endosulfan sulfate and also the potential hydrolysis product endosulfan diol, using gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The minimum detection limits of total endosulfan was 0.001 microgram g-1. Analysis of soil samples showed the deposition of total endosulfan residues in the range < 0.001-0.010 microgram g-1, and dried leaf samples showed residues of endosulfan in the range < 0.001-3.43 micrograms g-1 dry weight. In cow milk, fish and water, endosulfan residues could not be detected above the minimum detection limit. Endosulfan diol was not observed in any sample. The data obtained was confirmed by GC-MS-EI using selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode. 相似文献
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浓硫酸净化-气相色谱法检测茶叶中α-硫丹和拟除虫菊酯类农药残留 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
建立了一种茶叶中硫丹和5种拟除虫菊酯类农药(联苯菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯)残留分析的新方法。样品以乙腈提取,浓硫酸-乙醇净化,毛细管柱气相色谱法(GC-ECD)测定。结果表明:在0.005～0.5 mg/kg添加水平内,4种茶叶样品中α-硫丹和5种拟除虫菊酯农药的添加回收率在81.6%～105.9%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.52%～13.0%(n=3)。α-硫丹和5种拟除虫菊酯农药在4种茶叶中的定量限(LOQ)均为0.005 mg/kg。本方法杂质干扰少,准确度及灵敏度满足农药残留检测要求,对检测硬件要求低,适用于茶叶中α-硫丹及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的分析。 相似文献
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Trilochan S. Kathpal Attar Singh Jagbir S. Dhankhar Gulab Singh 《Pest management science》1997,50(1):21-27
Terrestrial field studies were conducted with endosulfan during the 1989–90 Kharif season in bare cotton soil, to investigate the fate of endosulfan and its downward movement under sub-tropical conditions of northern India. Field experiments consisted of spray application of endosulfan at 875 g ha-1 42 and 63 days after the assumed date of sowing in two separate treatments. Soil samples drawn periodically from different depths were analysed by GC-ECD (Ni63) for endosulfan and its breakdown products. Dissipation of the total endosulfan residues occurred to an extent of 92–97% in the first four-week period and by about 99% in 238 days in two distinct phases in first-order kinetics. Residue half life (T1/2) varied from 39 to 42 days. The parent compound metabolized to endosulfan-diol and endosulfan sulfate. Endosulfan-diol remained confined in the upper 5-cm layer and dissipated completely in 28 days whereas endosulfan sulfate was first detectable seven days after treatment and persisted until the end of the experiment, remaining confined in the upper 0–10 cm soil layer. The β-isomer also did not leach down beyond 10 cm depth. © 1997 SCI. 相似文献
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A.‐K. LUNDEBYE E.‐J. LOCK D. BOYLE K. RUOHONEN M.H. BERNTSSEN 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2010,16(5):549-558
The inclusion of plant‐based ingredients in commercial fish feeds may pose a challenge because of the presence of undesirable substances, such as the pesticide endosulfan. Waterborne endosulfan is highly toxic to fish, whereas dietborne exposure has varied toxicity in different species. To investigate the systemic effects of endosulfan exposure, quadruplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were fed either 0 (control), 0.005 mg kg?1; the European Union's maximum limit, or 10 or 20 times this level (0.05 and 0.1 mg kg?1 respectively) for 95 days. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in liver somatic index, spleen somatic index, condition factor or growth among treatments. There were no indications of liver damage in fish from any of the groups in the biomarkers measured: plasma aspartate aminotransferase, plasma alanine aminotransferase and histopathology. Similarly, there were no apparent treatment‐related effects on the haematological parameters Hct, Hb, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular haemoglobin, and blood sodium, potassium, calcium and chloride levels were not significantly (P > 0.05) different among groups. Lipid digestibility, but not energy, protein, or glycogen digestibility, was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced at the highest exposure concentration. However, no significant differences were observed in lipid production value or lipid efficiency ratio. In contrast to previous studies, clinical histological abnormalities were not observed in the intestine, liver or spleen of endosulfan‐treated fish. 相似文献
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Shahida Akhtar Misbahuddin Pirzada M. H. Siddiqui Umar K. Baloch 《Pest management science》1998,52(3):218-222
Experiments were carried out to study the influence of two types of neem cake (solvent-extracted, NC-I and expeller-extracted, NC-II) on the persistence in soil of diazinon and endosulfan applied as commercial formulations. It was found that both types of neem cake applied at 10, 20 or 30 g ha-1 prolonged the period of degradation as compared with soils without neem cake amendment, and hence increased the persistence of the insecticides. There was little difference in the effect of the two types of neem cake. Treatment of the soil with insecticide 10 days after amendment with neem cake did not lead to any increase in persistence; for a good response, treatment of soil with insecticide and with neem cake must be done at the same time. © 1998 SCI. 相似文献
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Field efficacy of five insecticides to a greenhouse strain ofFrankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) of known resistance status was studied. In a greenhouse trial, the mortality of aF. occidentalis strain (Uncali) which exhibited resistance only against cypermethrin in laboratory assays, reached 56%, 68%, 82%, 94% and
99%, 24 h after application of abamectin, cypermethrin, endosulfan, malathion and methomyl, respectively. In the laboratory,
for larval mortality equal to that achieved in the field, much lower doses — half of the field dose of cypermethrin and endosulfan,
and one-third and one-sixth of malathion and methomyl, respectively, were required in topical application. Because of differences
between laboratory and field responses ofF. occidentalis to insecticides, a sound resistance evaluation program to determine field efficacy of insecticides is needed. Resistance
increased 28.0- and 139.3-fold at LC50 in theF. occidentalis strain subjected to 27 and 44 cycles of cypermethrin selection, respectively. A slight cross-resistance of two- to threefold
was found with endosulfan, malathion and methomyl and no cross-resistance was observed with abamectin.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting August 4, 2008. 相似文献
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Off-site movement of pesticides from furrow-irrigated agriculture has been a concern in the Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia. This paper reports on the effectiveness of incorporation of pesticides by cultivator or power harrows before irrigating, and spraying pesticides only onto beds to minimise off-site transport. Incorporation of pesticides by power harrows prior to irrigation was found to be more effective in decreasing the off-site transport of a more strongly sorbed pesticide, endosulfan. The average load of total endosulfan (alpha + beta + sulfate) decreased by 74% (P < 0.01) from 11.41 g ha(-1) from the conventionally treated bays to 2.96 g ha(-1) from the incorporated irrigation bays. The total average load of atrazine leaving the irrigation bays was decreased by 81% (P < 0.05) from 87.82 g ha(-1) under the conventional practice of spraying the whole field to 16.95 g ha(-1) by spraying the beds only. A reduction of 52% in total average load of metolachlor was observed following incorporation with power harrows, but this was not significant. Incorporation by cultivator or by power harrows decreased the total load of atrazine or metolachlor leaving the irrigation bays over the whole irrigation period, but these treatments were not shown to be statistically significant, which may have been due to the limited number of field replicates. Incorporation of strongly sorbed pesticides (e.g. endosulfan) prior to irrigation significantly decreased the off-site transport of these pesticides in a furrow irrigation system and may be a useful practice to minimise off-site transport of other similar pesticides. Minimising off-site transport of weakly sorbed pesticides (e.g. atrazine and metolachlor) from a furrow irrigation system is more difficult. The nature of furrow irrigation makes it highly conducive to pesticide transport, particularly of weakly sorbed pesticides, and further work is needed to develop strategies to minimise the movement of this group of pesticides to water bodies. 相似文献
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本方法采用１０％ＳＥ－３０玻璃填充柱,正十九烷为内标物,在同一色谱条件下测定水胺硫磷、硫丹含量,其变异系数、回收率、相关系数分别为：水胺硫磷０．２１％;９９．７％～１０１．１％;０．９９９８。硫丹０．７８％;９９．６～１００．１％;０．９９９９。 相似文献
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The dissipation rate of endosulfan isomers (α and β) in seawater and sediment was studied. The disappearance rate of both isomers from seawater and pure water was compared, and the same measurements were made in both sterile and unsterile marine sediment. Flasks of water and sediment, fortified with a dispersion of a commercial endosulfan 350 g litre−1 EC, Protodan 35®, were incubated under laboratory light at room temperature for 82 days. A micro on‐line extraction method and GC‐ECD was used to determine the pesticide and its metabolites. The dissipation of endosulfan (in two phases of first‐order kinetics) occurred more rapidly in seawater than in pure water. At the end of the experiment, the concentration of α‐endosulfan in sterile sediment was four times greater than in unsterile sediment, while the dissipation rate of β‐endosulfan in unsterile sediment was approximately double that observed in sterile sediment. The dissipation of both forms in sediment occurred in a single stage. Endosulfan β‐isomer was more persistent than α‐isomer in both sterile and unsterile sediment. Dissipation of endosulfan sum of α‐ and β‐isomers in sediment at the end of the experiment ranged from 80% (sterile) to 95% (unsterile). Endosulfan sulfate was detected in water and sediment as the main metabolite. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献