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A review of non-chemical weed control on hard surfaces 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Weed control research to date has mainly focused on arable land, especially regarding herbicides, but also regarding non‐chemical methods. Some of these experiences can be applied to hard surface areas. However, weeds on hard surface areas cause problems that are different from those on arable land. Additionally, crop tolerance does not need to be considered when choosing an appropriate weed control method on these areas. The aim of this review is to describe current knowledge of weeds and weed control methods on hard surface areas and reveal potential ways of advancement. One of the shortcomings of non‐chemical weed control on hard surfaces thus far, is a lack of proper definition of efficiency of the weed control methods. To obtain effective control, more frequently repeated treatments are required than chemical weed management, thereby increasing the costs of labour and fuel. One way to reduce costs can be by adjusting the level of control to the required visual street quality. Weeds are adapted to the hard surface environment and may be less susceptible to certain control methods. This review indicates that for efficient weed control on hard surfaces there is a need for combining weed control techniques, applying sensors for detecting weeds, adapting the energy dose to type of weed flora and prevention of weeds by improved construction of new surfaces. 相似文献
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The efficacy of five non‐chemical weed control methods for reducing weed cover on traffic islands was investigated in the growing season of 2004. Three trial sites were divided into six treatment areas which were treated with either flame, steam, hot air, hot water, brushes or left untreated. The treatments were carried out at regular intervals throughout the growing season. The percentage weed cover was measured every second week using a 75 × 75 cm quadratic frame with 100 squares. In the control areas, a rapid increase in weed cover was observed, whereas all treatments reduced weed cover. Hot water was the most effective method, although not significantly better than hot air or steam. Hot air treatment was more effective than brushing, whereas hot water was more effective than both flaming and brushing. The doses that were used were relatively high (150–355 kg ha?1), partly because of the irregular shape of the traffic islands and the treatment intervals were quite short in comparison with those in similar studies. However, the treatments could keep down the weeds only to a certain extent. The present knowledge of the efficacy of various weed control methods, as well as an increase in our knowledge of adequate treatment intervals, supports an optimisation of hard‐surface weed control. Data and experience gained from these trials were used to develop further calibrated application studies. 相似文献
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Martin V. Bauer Christian Marx Fabienne V. Bauer Dominique M. Flury Tammo Ripken Bernhard Streit 《Weed Research》2020,60(4):241-250
Research and development activities on non-chemical weed control methods to date have mainly focused on mechanical and thermal applications. Selectivity in mechanical weed control is obtained using dynamically actuated harrows. Selectivity in thermal weed control is obtained through a certain heat tolerance of the crop. In conservation agriculture (CA), weed emergence is partially suppressed by constant soil cover with crops or cover crops. Large amounts of plant residues therefore remain on the soil, which make mechanical methods inefficient or difficult to implement. And thermal methods need to prevent not only crop damage but also fire from situationally dry plant residues. In this review, technologies that can potentially be used for in-crop weed control in CA are discussed. The technologies reviewed include spot-flaming, electric resistance heating, electromagnetic irradiation and steam/hot water application. Their evaluation focuses on efficiency and specificity (spatial precision). This review indicates that existing equipment does not fulfil the spatial precision required in CA and that further research and development is required on this topic. In particular, the authors suggest further research on the use of laser diodes, micro-flames and capacitive coupling of electric fields. It seems that the use of automated imaging systems for weed/crop differentiation is a prerequisite in CA to enable automatisation of weed control. 相似文献
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基于物质平衡、能量平衡和化学反应平衡为层式下吸式气化炉有焰热解区建立了热动力学平衡模型,把灰分作为出口成分进行了考虑,并通过牛顿法对模型进行了求解。模型的预测结果与现有文献中的试验数据很好的吻合,与其他研究者的预测结果基本一致。利用该模型对有焰热解区进行了分析预测。结果表明,ER、原料的含水量、散热损失对有焰热解区出口的气体温度和成分都有比较明显的影响;空气预热温度和灰分含量对出口气体温度有一定的影响,而对气体成分的影响不明显;当ER较高而生物质含水量较低时,气化炉内发生结渣的可能性增加;在ER0.392时,提高空气的预热温度,对整个气化炉的气化是有利的;热损失超过14%,ER0.32时,可能出现生物质无法完全热解的情况;对于典型的玉米秸秆气化,有焰热解区出口气体成分中,对还原区反应有重要影响的H_2O范围在20%~25%之间,CO_2范围在10%~15%之间。本模型的预测结果还为还原区的模型提供了初始参数。 相似文献
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B De Cauwer T De Cuypere S De Ryck L Delanote K DeWaele K Willekens D Reheul 《Weed Research》2019,59(4):265-278
Mechanical weed control in low competitive, organic vegetable production systems is challenging, particularly in fields with large populations of Galinsoga spp. (Asteraceae). Various false seedbed techniques are used prior to crop planting or sowing to prevent weed emergence, albeit with variable success. This study investigated the impact of machinery type (flamer, hoe and harrow), number of passes (2 and 4), tillage depth (1–4 cm) and intensity (double and single hoeing, and hoeing with or without additional harrowing) on weed emergence and seedbank density in 0–5 cm topsoil of organic vegetable fields. False seedbed machinery that did not or minimally disturb the soil was most appropriate for preventive control of Galinsoga quadriradiata (Hairy galinsoga) and total weed seeds, with reductions in seedling emergence up to 99% and 73%, respectively, for flaming, and 74% and 67%, respectively, for 1 cm deep hoeing, 1 month after false seedbed creation. Compared with 1 cm deep hoeing, 1 cm deep harrowing was 16% less effective in the control of emerged seedlings, while flaming was highly effective in preventing weed seedling emergence, even after a low number of passes. Tillage intensity was less important than tillage depth for the reduction in weed emergence and seedbank density. Overall, tillage was more effective for seedbank reduction than flaming. 相似文献
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建立了层式下吸式气化炉中有焰热解区单个生物质颗粒的热解模型,耦合了传热方程和热解化学动力学方程,并利用三对角矩阵算法(TDMA)和四阶龙格库塔法进行了求解;分别针对普通无氧热解环境和层式下吸式气化炉中的有焰热解环境,运用文献中的试验结果对模型进行了验证,表明该模型能够较好地预测2种环境下颗粒内部不同位置的温度和热解速率;利用该模型对有焰热解区的生物质颗粒的热解过程进行了模拟分析。结果表明,层式下吸式气化炉有焰热解环境的传热参数为:对流换热系数(hs)为80.4 W/(m2·K)、炭的发射率(ε)为0.792。有焰热解过程中,颗粒内部的温度变化趋势与外部相反;颗粒的平均热解时间比普通无氧热解环境下缩短了16.52%;颗粒的升温速率为182.5 K/min,属于快速热解;随着有焰热解区火焰温度的升高,完全热解所需要的时间逐渐缩短,炭产量从16.92%逐渐降低到13.97%;随着颗粒直径的增加,热解时间逐渐增大,炭产量增加;有焰热解区的高度在6.59~44.1 mm范围内,相当于1.1~2.2个颗粒直径。 相似文献
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