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1.
Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) occur in all temperate agroecosystems, and have been implicated as predators of many pests, including aphids, lepidopterous larvae, and slugs. Most are polyphagous, and some are primarily spermophagous. The species assemblage present in any particular crop is determined by multiple factors, but usually comprises a limited number of abundantly active species, which may be common to many crop types. Abiotic soil factors, especially soil type and moisture status are important in determining the species present. Crop type affects the carabid assemblage indirectly through cultivation practices and microclimatic changes. Any soil cultivation affects the carabid assemblage, but studies comparing ploughing with reduced tillage have shown varying results, according to local conditions. Pesticides, especially insecticides have a localised and short-term effect, as many carabids rapidly re-invade sprayed crops. The long-term effect of pesticide usage at a landscape scale is, however, more difficult to predict, and may have contributed to the observed decline in carabid diversity in the wider countryside. Whilst fertiliser application is generally beneficial to carabids, comparisons of conventional and organic farming systems suggest that localised short-term variations in species abundances are more important than the overall farming system used. Non-crop habitats are very important to Carabidae, as many use adjacent hedges and field margins for shelter, breeding or dispersal. But other features such as roads may act as barriers to dispersal. It is concluded that further measures need to be taken if Carabidae are to realise their potential in integrated pest management systems. 相似文献
2.
红壤坡耕地人工模拟降雨条件下植物篱笆水土保持效应及机理研究 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：18
结果表明 ,与大豆单作相比 ,黄花菜和百喜草植物篱笆径流量、侵蚀量分别减少了 4 .6 7% ,37.82 % ,植物篱笆处理和大豆单作处理的径流量、侵蚀量与开始形成径流所经历的时间之间呈显著负相关 ,而径流量与侵蚀量之间为显著正相关关系 ,建立了相应的降雨产流、降雨产沙、径流侵蚀回归模型。植物篱笆的水土保持机理表现在 :植物篱笆地上部的缓流和分流作用 ,有效地减弱径流的携沙能力 ,减少了细沟侵蚀 ;地上部分可阻挡土壤大颗粒和过滤土壤小颗粒 ;植物篱笆地下部根系显著改善了耕层土壤的物理性状 ,显著提高了土壤的抗冲性 ;土壤性状显著增强了土壤的入渗能力 ,植物篱笆带在较长的时间内维持较高的土壤入渗量和较大的稳定入渗速率 相似文献
3.
经济植物篱模式在坡耕地上的试验示范研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
坡耕地经济植物篱技术把水土保持和农民的增产增收相结合,是山地治理的有效方法,具有省资省劳、简单适用、操作方便、自然梯化等特点,形成了新的、农民欢迎的、可持续的坡耕地农林间作生产体系。在这种坡地耕作制度中,除了植物篱本身的牧草和果树的效益外,篱间种植的矮秆作物,如土烟、马铃薯、花生(黄豆)、辣椒和油菜等,在果树未产生效益前,结合牧草能产生近期经济效益;待果树进入盛果期,果树的经济效益会更高。这种经济植物篱的组合模式在贵州山区坡耕地上有较大的推广应用价值。 相似文献
4.
Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security. 相似文献
5.
刘岚 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(1):164-167
模糊限制语被广泛应用于法庭话语中。文中采用Prince对模糊限制语的分类方法,对法庭回答中的模糊限制语及其会话含意进行分析,旨在说明模糊限制语在法庭回答中发挥着重要的作用,能够使回答具有丰富的会话含意并进而影响法庭审判结果。因而应引起司法人员的关注,在庭审中予以恰当处理。最后对我国法学教育进行了一些思考。 相似文献
6.
北京地区等高草篱防治坡耕地水土流失效果 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
在北京地区采用自然降雨和模拟降雨相结合的方法,研究了狼尾草和野古草两种等高草篱在不同坡度（5%、10%、15%、20%）下对裸露坡耕地水土流失的影响。结果一致表明,狼尾草和野古草2种草篱均可显著降低坡耕地水土流失,且狼尾草草篱的效果显著好于野古草草篱。在自然降雨下（平均雨强13.3 mm/h）,狼尾草草篱可减少72.7%的地表径流和86.3%的土壤流失,野古草草篱可减少53.8%的地表径流和64.1%的土壤流失;在模拟降雨下（平均雨强49.5 mm/h）,狼尾草草篱可减少80.7%的地表径流和94.5%的土壤流失,野古草草篱可减少59.5%的地表径流和71.5%的土壤流失。另外,2种等高草篱防治水土流失的效果与坡度成显著负相关关系,随坡度增加2种草篱的水土保持功能逐渐减弱,但至20%坡度时,其对径流和土壤流失的降低作用仍维持在40%和50%以上。回归分析结果显示,草篱因素已经超过坡度和雨强,成为控制坡耕地水土流失的首要因素。 相似文献
7.
In the highlands of Western Kenya, intensified land use combined with low use of mineral fertilizers at farm level is driving soil nutrient depletion and declining yield levels. All farms and individual field crop plots are surrounded by life fences and the area under such hedge structure is estimated to cover 3–5% of the total farmland area. The land below the hedges is not tilled and may receive nutrient and carbon inputs by the occasional addition of field crop residues and litter fall. We hypothesized that the areas covered by live fences represent not only an important land resource, but are also largely untapped sites characterized by high soil fertility in an otherwise largely degraded environment. We characterized physico‐chemical attributes of top soils collected on farmland and from adjacent live fences composed of five different fencing species in representative environments of Kakamega district (sandy Acrisol and bimodal rainfall distribution vs. clay Ferralsol and monomodal rainfall distribution). In addition, the maize production potential of these soils was assessed in a supplementary pot experiment. Concentrations and total amounts of soil C, N, N supplying capacity, exchangeable K, as well as aggregate stability tended to be higher in hedge structures than in field crop soil. The amount of labile (permanganate‐oxidizable) carbon and the carbon management index in fence lines on Acrisol were similar to those of the adjacent Kakamega rain forest reserve, while they were reduced by > 50% in crop fields. These trends were reflected in the biomass and N and K uptake by maize in potted soil. Effects were generally larger in Acrisol than in Ferralsol and were most pronounced with Tithonia diversifolia. We conclude that live fences are soil fertility hotspots that may be valorised in the future by replacing the generally unproductive fencing species with economical perennial crops. 相似文献
8.
9.
T. S. George P. J. Gregory J. S. Robinson R. J. Buresh B. A. Jama 《Agroforestry Systems》2001,52(3):199-205
Green leaf biomass of Tithonia diversifolia is high in nutrients and recognised as a potential source of nutrients for crops. We conducted a field survey in western Kenya to determine the variation in leaf nutrient concentrations in tithonia grown in naturalised hedges and agricultural fields, and to examine whether leaf nutrient concentrations were related to soil nutrient status. Leaf P and K concentrations were higher in naturalised hedges (3.2 g P kg–1 and 35 g K kg–1) than in unfertilised fields (2.2 g P kg–1 and 23 g K kg–1). The critical level of 2.5 g P kg–1 for net P mineralisation was exceeded by > 90% of the leaves from hedges, but by only 14% from unfertilised fields. Leaf P and K concentration increased linearly with increasing natural logarithm of anion resin extractable soil P and exchangeable soil K, respectively. However, at the same levels of soil available P and K, field-grown tithonia consistently produced lower leaf P and K concentrations than that grown in hedges. This study indicates that biomass from tithonia planted on nutrient-depleted soils would be a less effective source of P and K, via biomass transfer, than tithonia from naturalised hedges.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
James K. Mutegi Daniel N. Mugendi Louis V. Verchot James B. Kung’u 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,74(1):37-49
We established hedges/barriers of calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissner), leucaena (Leucaena trichandra (Zucc.) Urban)) and napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) and combination hedges of either calliandra or leucaena with napier grass on slopes exceeding 5% to study the effect
of vegetative barriers on productivity of arable steep-lands in central Kenya. Hedges/barriers were pruned regularly and biomass
incorporated into the plots. Hedge plots were monitored for soil fertility, soil losses and maize crop yield changes. Inorganic-N
concentration in the tree hedge plots was higher than in the control and napier barrier plots after 20 months. Napier grass
barriers were the most effective in reducing erosion losses across the two seasons. The effectiveness of napier grass to significantly
reduce soil erosion was detectable in one year old napier barriers. Soil loss from all the other one year old vegetative treatments
was similar to soil loss from the control. Seventeen month old combination hedge plots recorded lower soil losses than tree
hedges of the same age (P = 0.012). Maize crop yields throughout the trial period were high and similar for leguminous and combination hedge plots,
but lower in the napier grass and control plots. Overall, we observed that the combination hedges seemed to provide a win-win
scenario of reduction in soil erosion combined with improvement of maize crop yields and soil fertility enhancement. We conclude
that vegetative hedges have a potential for improving soil productivity in arable steep-lands of the central highlands of
Kenya, and that in adoption of vegetative hedges for this purpose there are trade-offs between soil conservation, soil fertility
and maize crop yields to be considered.
Throughout the text, tree hedges and leguminous hedges are used interchangeably to imply calliandra and leucaena hedges while
use of barrier/s to refer to a treatment is restricted to monospecific grass strips 相似文献