退化高寒草甸斑块根—土复合体特征研究     

杜晨璐  乔一诺  赵理荣  陈瀚文  曹孟阳  刘玉 《草地学报》2023,31(1):202-209

高寒草甸斑块的根-土复合体对局部水土流失过程具有调控作用,为研究其特征及抗侵蚀效应,本研究选取三江源区达日县境内典型中度退化草甸的植被斑块为研究对象,调查草甸斑块中心与边缘植物群落特征,测定斑块边缘0～10 cm土层和斑块中心0～20 cm土层的容重、含水率、毛管孔隙度等土壤物理性质,并开展单根拉伸和根-土复合体直剪试验。结果表明：受优势种矮嵩草的分布影响,地上生物量主要分布在斑块中心,根系主要分布在0～10 cm土层;斑块中心区域土壤抗剪强度、内摩擦角和粘聚力均随土层深度的增加而减小;斑块边缘区域土壤粘聚力,抗剪强度明显高于斑块中心区域,草甸斑块植物根系是土壤抗剪强度的主要影响因素。草甸斑块根-土复合体能明显增加退化草甸土壤的抗侵蚀能力,研究结果可为深入研究高寒草甸根系固土功能及水土流失调控提供科学依据。  相似文献   

Impact of inorganic nitrogen additions on microbes in biological soil crusts     

《Soil biology & biochemistry》2015

Many studies have shown that changes in nitrogen (N) availability affect the diversity and composition of soil microbial community in a variety of terrestrial systems, but less is known about the responses of microbes specific to biological soil crusts (BSCs) to increasing N additions. After seven years of field experiment, the bacterial diversity in lichen-dominated crusts decreased linearly with increasing inorganic N additions (ambient N deposition; low N addition, 3.5 g N m⁻² y⁻¹; medium N addition, 7.0 g N m⁻² y⁻¹; high N addition, 14.0 g N m⁻² y⁻¹), whereas the fungal diversity exhibited a distinctive pattern, with the low N-added crust containing a higher diversity than the other crusts. Pyrosequencing data revealed that the bacterial community shifted to more Cyanobacteria with modest N additions (low N and medium N) and to more Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and much less Cyanobacteria with excess N addition (high N). Our results suggest that soil pH, together with soil organic carbon (C), structures the bacterial communities with N additions. Among the fungal communities, the relative abundance of Ascomycota increased with modest N but decreased with excess N. However, increasing N additions favored Basidiomycota, which may be ascribed to increases in substrate availability with low lignin and high cellulose contents under elevated N conditions. Bacteria/fungi ratios were higher in the N-added samples than in the control, suggesting that the bacterial biomass tends to dominate over that of fungi in lichen-dominated crusts after N additions, which is especially evident in the excess N condition. Because bacteria and fungi are important components and important decomposers in BSCs, the alterations of the bacterial and fungal communities may have implications in the formation and persistence of BSCs and the cycling and storage of C in desert ecosystems.  相似文献   

Vermicompost as a substitute for peat in potting media: Effects on germination,biomass allocation,yields and fruit quality of three tomato varieties   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Johann G. Zaller 《Scientia Horticulturae》2007

Commercial potting media often contain substantial amounts of peat that was mined from endangered bog and fen ecosystems. The main objectives of this study were to assess (1) whether the amendment of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% (v/v) of vermicompost (VC) to a fertilized commercial peat potting substrate has effects on the emergence, growth and biomass allocation of tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) under greenhouse conditions, (2) whether possible impacts on seedlings can affect tomato yields and fruit quality even when transplanted into equally fertilized field soil, and (3) whether effects are consistent among different tomato varieties. Amended VC was produced in a windrow system of food and cotton waste mainly by earthworms Eisenia fetida Sav. Vermicompost amendments significantly influenced, specifically for each tomato variety, emergence and elongation of seedlings. Biomass allocation (root:shoot ratio) was affected by VC amendments for two varieties in seedling stage and one field-grown tomato variety. Marketable and total yields of field tomatoes were not affected by VC amendments used for seedling husbandry. However, morphological (circumference, dry matter content, peel firmness) and chemical fruit parameters (contents of C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, l-ascorbic acid, glucose, fructose) were significantly affected by VC amendments in seedling substrates; these effects again were specific for each tomato variety. Overall, vermicompost could be an environmentally friendly substitute for peat in potting media with similar or beneficial effects on seedling performance and fruit quality. However, at least for tomatoes, variety-specific responses should be considered when giving recommendations on the optimum proportion of vermicompost amendment to horticultural potting substrate.  相似文献   

肚倍蚜,美灰藓最佳生态条件与肚倍基地建设   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郑德国  王贤斌 《湖北林业科技》1997,(3):8-12

肚倍蚜，美灰藓最佳生态条件研究表明，由光照强度、湿度以及风速等因素决定的环境是制约肚倍丰产、稳产的关键；据此对肚倍基地建设提出若干建议。  相似文献   

陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区苔藓内生细菌群落多样性分析     

邓振山  薛军艳  郭旻皓  柳晓东  姜影影  贺晓龙  陈浩 《西北农业学报》2022,(7):902-912

以延安市当地藓结皮中的土著优势种土生对齿藓(Didymodon vinealis)、反扭藓(Timmiella anomala)和青藓(Brachythecium albicans)为研究对象,分析3种苔藓植株内生细菌的群落组成和多样性,揭示3种不同品种的苔藓植株内生细菌的群落结构及多样性差异。采用高通量测序技术分析3种苔藓植株内生细菌16S rRNA基因V3~V4 变异区序列,使用生物信息学方法分析3种苔藓内生细菌的群落结构及多样性。结果表明：土生对齿藓、反扭藓、青藓3种苔藓测序共获得178 173条有效序列,在97%一致性下共产生705个有效的OTUs。在门、纲和属水平上,土生对齿藓的优势类群分别是蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,57.91%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,41.00%),γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,35.02%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,5.92%)和假单胞细菌属(Pseudomonas,24.92%)、(Massilia,6.26%);反扭藓分别为蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,40.05%)、变形菌门( Proteobacteria,40.88%),α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,30.87%)和(Phytohabitans,4.10%)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas,3.93%);青藓分别是蓝藻细菌门(Cyanobacteria,80.49%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,15.26%),γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria,7.66%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria,7.45%)和假单胞细菌属(Pseudomonas,6.46%)。Alpha多样性和Beta多样性分析表明,反扭藓的Chao1指数(370.667)和Shannon指数(5.368)最大,基于韦恩图分析3种苔藓存在87个共有OTUs,土生对齿藓、反扭藓和青藓独有OTUs分别为7、175和13,说明3种苔藓不仅有较高的细菌多样性,还存在一定的差异。典范对应分析(Canonical Correlation Analysis, CCA)结果表明,土壤中有效氮(AN)和有机质(OM)的含量是影响3种苔藓内生细菌的群落多样性变化的主要因素。3个不同品种的苔藓的内生细菌种类丰富,群落结构组成和丰度均存在较大的差异,且苔藓所生长的微环境如有效氮和有机质的含量会对其内生细菌群落结构和多样性有较大影响。本研究可为苔藓内生细菌菌种资源的开发和生产应用提供理论支持。  相似文献   

祁连山大野口流域青海云杉林苔藓枯落物及其土壤水热特征分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

王瑾  温娅丽  刘思瑞  牛赟 《甘肃农业大学学报》2014,(6):107-113

为探讨森林生态系统中苔藓枯落物的生态属性与其下层土壤水热之间的关系,采用样地调查法及特征描述统计、相关系数等分析法,对祁连山大野口流域49块样地的青海云杉林苔藓枯落物及其土壤水热特征进行分析.结果表明:苔藓枯落物平均厚度(6.0±0.3)cm,平均含水率为(101.9±6.3)%;0~10、10~20、20~40、40~60、60~80cm土层深的土壤含水率平均值分别为(66.24±4.22)%、(57.62±3.23)%、(48.44±3.21)%、(42.81±6.48)%、25.89%,各土层温度平均值分别为(7.2±0.26)(5.2±0.27)(2.8±0.29)(2.0±0.61)(1.6±0.95)℃;苔藓枯落物厚度与海拔、坡向、坡度、胸径、树高、冠长、冠幅、郁闭度、土壤各层含水率和温度等因子均极弱相关,甚至认为不相关;苔藓枯落物含水率与海拔为中度正相关(P<0.05),与40~60cm深的土壤含水率存在显著正相关,与其温度成中度负相关.  相似文献   

苔藓结皮及其下层土壤的胞外酶活性与微生物CUE特征     

张尚鹏  王百群  晁赫嵘  王雨涵 《水土保持研究》2022,29(2):106-111

为进一步明确苔藓结皮对下层土壤养分的影响及微生物对养分的利用特征,以黄土丘陵区典型退耕地上发育的苔藓结皮及其下层土壤(0—2 cm,2—5 cm,10—20 cm)为研究对象,分析在剖面尺度下土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)养分状况、胞外酶活性以及微生物CUE特征。结果表明:苔藓结皮显著提高了表层土壤养分含量,结皮层的SOC,TN,TP,DOC,DON和Olsen-P含量分别是10—20 cm土壤养分的2.58,2.34,1.13,2.30,4.30,7.36倍。与养分含量特征一致,微生物生物量随土层深度的增加逐渐降低。在整个剖面尺度上,微生物群落存在较为稳定的元素内稳态以保持自身C,N,P的计量平衡。参与C,N,P循环的相关胞外酶活性在剖面尺度上表现出差异,β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)随深度增加逐渐降低,而β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)和碱性磷酸酶(AP)则表现为先降低后增加的趋势,底层土壤较高的NAG和AP酶活性反映出N,P养分的匮乏。微生物CUE在剖面尺度上表现为先降低后增加的趋势,平均水平为0.25,表明表层与深层土壤更有助于C的固存。此外,方差分解(VPA)和线性模型结果均指出养分状况和土壤酶是影响微生物CUE的关键因素。总的来说,苔藓结皮对表层土壤的养分和微生物代谢产生积极作用,尽管底层土壤养分匮乏,但仍保持较高的微生物C利用效率。  相似文献   

毛乌素沙地苔藓结皮的野外人工培育技术     

杨延哲  张侃侃  杨永胜  卜崇峰 《水土保持通报》2016,36(2):165-170

[目的]探索影响毛乌素沙地人工培育苔藓结皮的关键因子及其最优组合,为该区土地荒漠化的治理提供理论支持。[方法]利用正交试验设计方法,考虑遮阳、覆膜、营养液、浇水频率4个因子,分析不同因子对苔藓结皮株密度和生物量的影响。[结果](1)除Knop营养液外,遮阳、覆膜、浇水频率对苔藓结皮株密度、生物量有显著影响。(2)遮阳、覆膜、营养液、浇水频率4个因素对不同指标的影响顺序不同。(3)就株密度而言,野外培养最优条件为遮阳、不覆膜、Knop营养液和高频率浇水。就生物量而言,苔藓结皮野外培育最优因素组合为遮阳、覆膜、Knop营养液和高频率浇水。[结论](1)在野外苔藓结皮培育过程中遮阳、覆膜、浇水频率对结皮生长都有显著影响。(2)在提供适宜的生长条件的前提下,在干旱半干旱地区进行苔藓结皮人工培育是可行的。  相似文献   

4种营养物质对藓结皮形成发育的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

陈彦芹  赵允格  冉茂勇 《西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2011,39(5):44-50

【目的】研究葡萄糖以及含氮、磷、钾、镁的营养物质对藓结皮形成发育的影响,为黄土丘陵区生物土壤结皮的人工修复提供技术指导。【方法】以陕北黄土丘陵区自然发育的藓结皮为繁殖材料,进行室内人工培养试验,在培养基中分别添加不同质量浓度的葡萄糖(10,20,30,40,50 g/L)、硝酸铵(0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0,8.0 g/L)、磷酸二氢钾(0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0,8.0 g/L)、硫酸镁(0.25,0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0 g/L),以不添加营养物质为空白对照(CK),当藓结皮生长30 d时,测定藓结皮盖度、藓株密度和藓株高,研究以上营养物质对藓结皮形成发育的影响。【结果】1)添加的4种营养物质中,用葡萄糖处理时藓结皮生长最好,藓结皮盖度和藓株密度均最大,分别达到了17.2%和14.6株/cm2;硫酸镁次之;用硝酸铵、磷酸二氢钾处理时,藓结皮盖度、藓株密度、藓株高与CK相比差异均不显著。2)随着葡萄糖质量浓度的增加,藓结皮盖度和藓株密度逐渐增大,且均在葡萄糖质量浓度为50 g/L时达到最大,分别为21.2%和18.9株/cm2。3)随着硝酸铵质量浓度的增加,藓结皮盖度和藓株密度呈先增加后减小的趋势,当硝酸铵质量浓度为1.0 g/L时均达到最大,分别为18.1%和16.3株/cm2。4)随着磷酸二氢钾质量浓度的增加,藓结皮盖度和藓株密度也呈先增加后减小的趋势,在磷酸二氢钾质量浓度为2.0 g/L时,藓结皮盖度和藓株密度均达到最大,磷酸二氢钾质量浓度为8.0 g/L时均降至最小。5)硫酸镁质量浓度为0.25 g/L时,藓结皮盖度和藓株密度均最大,分别达到了17.2%和14.8株/cm2。【结论】在土壤培养基中添加葡萄糖和硫酸镁可以显著提高藓结皮盖度和藓株密度;低质量浓度的硝酸铵对藓结皮的生长有促进作用,高质量浓度反而表现出抑制作用;磷酸二氢钾一次性施入培养基土壤时,其对藓结皮的形成发育没有影响;硫酸镁对藓结皮的形成发育有一定影响,但影响结果因其质量浓度不同而存在较大差异。  相似文献   

Gully erosion: Impacts, factors and control   总被引：21，自引：1，他引：21  

C. Valentin  J. Poesen  Yong Li 《CATENA》2005,63(2-3):132

Gully erosion attracts increasing attention from scientists as reflected by two recent international meetings [Poesen and Valentin (Eds.), Catena 50 (2–4), 87–564; Li et al., 2004. Gully Erosion Under Global Change. Sichuan Science Technology Press, Chengu, China, 354 pp.]. This growing interest is associated with the increasing concern over off-site impacts caused by soil erosion at larger spatial scales than the cultivated plots. The objective of this paper is to review recent studies on impacts, factors and control of gully erosion and update the review on ‘gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs’ [Poesen et al., 2003. Catena 50 (2–4), 91–134.]. For the farmers, the development of gullies leads to a loss of crop yields and available land as well as an increase of workload (i.e. labour necessary to cultivate the land). Gullies can also change the mosaic patterns between fallow and cultivated fields, enhancing hillslope erosion in a feedback loop. In addition, gullies tend to enhance drainage and accelerate aridification processes in the semi-arid zones. Fingerprinting the origin of sediments within catchments to determine the relative contributions of potential sediment sources has become essential to identify sources of potential pollution and to develop management strategies to combat soil erosion. In this respect, tracers such as carbon, nitrogen, the nuclear bomb-derived radionuclide 137 Cs, magnetics and the strontium isotopic ratio are increasingly used to fingerprint sediment. Recent studies conducted in Australia, China, Ethiopia and USA showed that the major part of the sediment in reservoirs might have come from gully erosion.Gullies not only occur in marly badlands and mountainous or hilly regions but also more globally in soils subjected to soil crusting such as loess (European belt, Chinese Loess Plateau, North America) and sandy soils (Sahelian zone, north-east Thailand) or in soils prone to piping and tunnelling such as dispersive soils. Most of the time, the gullying processes are triggered by inappropriate cultivation and irrigation systems, overgrazing, log haulage tracks, road building and urbanization. As exemplified by recent examples from all over the world, land use change is expected to have a greater impact on gully erosion than climate change. Yet, reconstructions of historical causes of gully erosion, using high-resolution stratigraphy, archaeological dating of pottery and ¹⁴C dating of wood and charcoal, show that the main gully erosion periods identified in Europe correspond to a combination not only of deforestation and overuse of the land but also to periods with high frequency of extreme rainfall events.Many techniques have proved to be effective for gully prevention and control, including vegetation cover, zero or reduced tillage, stone bunds, exclosures, terracing and check dams. However, these techniques are rarely adopted by farmers in the long run and at a larger spatial scale because their introduction is rarely associated with a rapid benefit for the farmers in terms of an increase in land or labour productivity and is often contingent upon incentives.  相似文献