初始含水率对斥水黏壤土入渗特性的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘畅  陈俊英  张林  蔡耀辉  任广栋 《排灌机械工程学报》2018,36(4):354-361

为了探究初始含水率对斥水土壤入渗过程的影响规律,通过室内二维土箱的滴灌模拟试验,设置6个初始含水率水平(4.78%,7.28%,9.97%,13.64%,16.07%,19.02%),研究了初始含水率对湿润锋运移距离、宽深比、累积入渗量、入渗速率和土壤水分分布的影响,并评价了不同入渗模型的适用性.结果表明:随着初始含水率的提高,湿润锋运移相同深度所需时间呈逐渐减小趋势,两者较好满足幂函数关系,湿润锋宽深比逐渐减小;累积入渗量变化趋势为先减小后增大;入渗速率整体趋势为逐渐减小,其中斥水程度峰值含水率附近的处理出现入渗速率短暂提高的现象;Kostiakov模型能够较好反映斥水黏壤土的入渗规律,且斥水程度越大,模型拟合精度越低;随着斥水程度增加,土壤水分逐渐向湿润体垂向中间区域集中,并出现过度饱和现象.该研究可为斥水土壤的入渗理论奠定一定的基础.  相似文献   

酒精溶液对斥水土壤入渗规律的试验研究     

刘春成  李毅 《灌溉排水学报》2012,(3):63-67

采用室内土柱积液入渗试验,进行了不同斥水程度的2种土质的酒精溶液和蒸馏水的对比入渗试验研究,对比了不同斥水程度的土壤累积入渗量和入渗率随时间的变化,验证了Kostiakov公式在斥水土壤酒精溶液入渗的适应性,探索了i与t-1/2的拟合关系,以及全盐量和氯离子的剖面分布。结果表明,酒精入渗条件下,斥水性的存在明显影响土壤的入渗性能,而不同程度斥水性的斥水土壤的入渗能力变化不明显,但明显小于亲水土壤;湿润土层内的全盐量和Cl-的淋洗在不斥水条件下效果不明显,而在斥水土壤中较为明显,且在湿润锋处达到最大值;对土壤入渗率与入渗历时的关系,Kostiakov公式的适应性较好;i与t-1/2呈良好的指数关系。斥水性的存在影响酒精溶液入渗,但不同斥水程度的斥水土壤入渗不受酒精溶液的影响。与蒸馏水入渗相比,酒精溶液入渗极大地加速了土壤的入渗过程。  相似文献   

四种入渗模型对斥水土壤入渗规律的适用性   总被引：4，自引：6，他引：4  

刘春成  李毅  任鑫  马孝义 《农业工程学报》2011,27(5):62-67

土壤斥水性影响入渗,进而影响作物产量。国外学者进行了一定的研究,但在中国研究的还很少。该文基于实测资料探讨几种常规的入渗模型在斥水土壤中的适用性。采用室内土柱进行积水入渗试验,对比了不同积水高度和斥水度条件下的土壤入渗规律,并采用4种模型分析了土壤入渗率变化特征。结果表明,累积入渗量随入渗历时的变化可用幂函数描述,不斥水土壤累积入渗量明显大于斥水土壤;累积入渗量与湿润锋推进距离呈良好的线性关系;利用Green-Ampt模型、Philip模型、Kostiakov公式和指数公式对入渗率与入渗历时间的关系进行拟合,其中Kostiakov公式更接近于实测值,其他模型拟合效果因斥水程度等因素的不同而异。  相似文献   

Aversion of the feral pigeon and the house sparrow to pellets and sprouts treated with commercial formulations of methyl anthranilate     

Shmuel Moran 《Pest management science》2001,57(3):248-252

Two methyl anthranilate formulations, ReJex‐iT® TP‐40 and AG‐36, were tested as bird‐repelling agents for animal feed and vegetable sprouts, respectively. Feral pigeons (Columba livia) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) are important pests of animal husbandry and field crops in Israel. In each 4‐day experiment, four birds were held together in an aviary, and were offered four trays or dishes with animal feed or cauliflower sprouts in four corners of the cage. The trays and dishes were transposed daily in a Latin square sequence. Pigeons consumed significantly more untreated feed than treated feed. When no alternative untreated food was offered, there was no significant repellency. Treatment of animal feed with TP‐40 to give 2.0 ml methyl anthranilate kg^?1 or less had no repellent effect on sparrows. Concentrations of 4.0 ml kg^?1 or more repelled the sparrows significantly. When no untreated feed was presented, pigeons and sparrows preferred the lowest concentration of methyl anthranilate presented. When AG‐36 was tested on vegetable sprouts, the sparrows tended significantly to avoid the highest concentration used—14.5 ml methyl anthranilate litre^?1 spray. The inter‐specific differences between the birds indicate that the efficacy of methyl anthranilate formulations as a repellent has to be specified for every species. This study did not determine (1) the possibility of developing habituation, (2) the behaviour of birds under natural conditions in the field, or (3) the influence of the feeding behaviour of a sympatric bird species on the repellency of methyl anthranilate to other species. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

香泽兰提取物微胶囊剂对小菜蛾产卵驱避作用研究          下载免费PDF全文

劳传忠  曾玲  章玉苹  陆永跃 《植物保护》2007,33(2):58-61

试验观察了创制的香泽兰提取物微胶囊剂对小菜蛾成虫产卵的驱避作用。室内测试结果表明香泽兰提取物微胶囊剂对小菜蛾产卵具明显的驱避活性,随着使用浓度升高而驱避活性逐渐增强,处理后2d,500～4000mg/kg时小菜蛾着卵量分别降低了67%～91%;随着处理时间延长驱避作用逐渐下降,但持效期较长,处理6d后2000mg/kg驱避效果仍可达到84%。田间使用香泽兰提取物微胶囊剂防治小菜蛾产卵的驱避作用好、持效期长,使用8d后各浓度效果均可达到80%以上,最高可达94%。  相似文献   

斥水土壤中的水热运动规律与数值模型   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5  

杨邦杰  P. S. Blackwell  D. F. Nicholson 《土壤学报》1996,33(4):351-359

斥水土壤很难被雨水湿润，影响种子发芽出苗而造成农业减产。由于地表干燥而引起风蚀水蚀，造成土地退化。这一问题在澳大利亚、荷兰、新西兰与美国引起重视。斥水土壤中水分分布往往是无规律的“指状”，到目前为止，没有成功的数学模型。作者从研究斥水土壤地区的耕作工程实践出发，采用沟种之后，水分的分布就有了规律性。开沟播种时，耕作机械把表层斥水性特别强的土壤推到垄上而形成几乎不透水的垄，下雨时雨水只能从沟中渗入形  相似文献   

次生盐渍土垂向剖面斥水性及其与理化性质关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

任鑫  李毅  李敏  郭丽俊  丰满 《农业机械学报》2011,42(3):58-64,79

为探求土壤剖面斥水性的变化规律及其与土壤水盐含量、pH值的关系,在新疆新垦膜下滴灌棉田以10 cm×10 cm和5cm×5cm的网格等间距采集两个土壤剖面样品,对剖面土壤的斥水性、含水率、含盐量和pH值了进行经典统计、地学统计和相关性分析。结果表明：次生盐渍土剖面斥水性呈中等程度变异,空间自相关性中等偏弱;土壤斥水性在40cm深度附近时最强,在大于80cm深度的土层斥水特征不明显;在0~40cm深度土层,含水率与土壤斥水性正相关,在40~80cm深度与斥水性负相关;含盐量除在0~10cm的表层与斥水性正相关外,在其余土层均为负相关; pH值与斥水性之间多为正相关。  相似文献   

Repellency of a kaolin particle film to potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), on tomato under laboratory and field conditions     

Peng L  Trumble JT  Munyaneza JE  Liu TX 《Pest management science》2011,67(7):815-824

BACKGROUND: The potato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, is a vector of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum, causing several diseases in solanaceous crops. Laboratory and field no‐choice and choice experiments were conducted to evaluate the repellency of kaolin particle film on adults of B. cockerelli on tomato plants that had been sprayed with kaolin particle film on the upper surface only, on the lower surface only and on both leaf surfaces. RESULTS: In no‐choice tests in the laboratory, the numbers of adults on leaves were not different between the kaolin particle film and the water control, regardless of which leaf surface(s) were treated, but numbers of eggs were lower on the leaves treated with kaolin particle film than on those treated with water. In choice tests on plants treated with water/plants treated with kaolin particle film at ratios of 1:1, 6:3 or 8:1, fewer adults and eggs were found on the leaves treated with kaolin particle film than on leaves treated with water. Under field conditions, in caged no‐choice or choice tests, fewer adults, eggs and nymphs were found on plants treated with kaolin particle film than on plants treated with water. In an uncaged test under field conditions, plants sprayed with kaolin particle film had fewer psyllids than those sprayed with water. CONCLUSION: Even though potato psyllid adults could land on plants treated with kaolin particle film when no choice was given, fewer eggs were laid. When given a choice, the psyllids avoided plants treated with kaolin particle film under laboratory and field conditions. Kaolin particle film treatment may be a useful alternative for management of potato psyllids under field conditions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Effects of organic compounds, water content and clay on the water repellency of a model sandy soil     

D. A. L. LEELAMANIE  Jutaro KARUBE 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2007,53(6):711-719

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Repellency and toxicity of aromatic plant extracts against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Traboulsi AF  El-Haj S  Tueni M  Taoubi K  Nader NA  Mrad A 《Pest management science》2005,61(6):597-604

The insecticidal activities of essential oil extracts from leaves, flowers and roots of aromatic plants against fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forskal were determined. Extracts of Foeniculum vulgare Mill were the most toxic, followed by those of Ferula hermonis Boiss, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, Pinus pinea L, Laurus nobilis L and Eucalyptus spp with LC50 values of 24.5, 44.0, 60.0, 75.0, 117.0 and 120.0 mg litre(-1), respectively. Combination tests between the LC50 and the maximum sub-lethal concentration (MSLC) were determined. Over 20 major components were identified in extracts from each plant species tested. Five essential oils and nine pure components were studied for their repellency against mosquito bites. Terpineol and 1,8-cineole were the most effective against Culex pipiens molestus bites offering complete protection for 1.6 and 2 h, respectively.  相似文献