The effect of midazolam or lidocaine administration prior to etomidate induction of anesthesia on heart rate,arterial pressure,intraocular pressure and serum cortisol concentration in healthy dogs |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA;2. Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA;3. Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA;1. Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Shirley, Solihull, UK;2. Department of Applied Physics/Electro-Optics, Jerusalem College of Technology, Yerushalayim, Israel;1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan;2. Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan;1. Royal Veterinary College, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, London, UK;2. Universite de Montreal Faculte de medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada;3. Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, UK;4. Davies Veterinary Specialists, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire, UK |
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| Abstract: | ObjectiveTo evaluate selected effects of midazolam or lidocaine administered prior to etomidate for co-induction of anesthesia in healthy dogs.Study designProspective crossover experimental study.AnimalsA group of 12 healthy adult female Beagle dogs.MethodsDogs were premedicated with intravenous (IV) butorphanol (0.3 mg kg–1), and anesthesia was induced with etomidate following midazolam (0.3 mg kg–1), lidocaine (2 mg kg–1) or physiologic saline (1 mL) IV. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate (fR) and intraocular pressure (IOP) were recorded following butorphanol, after co-induction administration, after etomidate administration and immediately following intubation. Baseline IOP values were also obtained prior to sedation. Etomidate dose requirements and the presence of myoclonus, as well as coughing or gagging during intubation were recorded. Serum cortisol concentrations were measured prior to premedication and 6 hours following etomidate administration.ResultsBlood pressure, fR and IOP were similar among treatments. Blood pressure decreased in all treatments following etomidate administration and generally returned to sedated values following intubation. HR increased following intubation with midazolam and lidocaine but remained stable in the saline treatment. The dose of etomidate (median, interquartile range, range) required for intubation was lower following midazolam (2.2, 2.1–2.6, 1.7–4.1 mg kg?1) compared with lidocaine (2.7, 2.4–3.6, 2.2–5.1 mg kg?1, p = 0.012) or saline (3.0, 2.8–3.8, 1.9–5.1 mg kg?1, p = 0.015). Coughing or gagging was less frequent with midazolam compared with saline. Myoclonus was not observed. Changes in serum cortisol concentrations were not different among treatments.Conclusions and clinical relevanceMidazolam administration reduced etomidate dose requirements and improved intubation conditions compared with lidocaine or saline treatments. Neither co-induction agent caused clinically relevant differences in measured cardiopulmonary function, IOP or cortisol concentrations compared with saline in healthy dogs. Apnea was noted in all treatments following the induction of anesthesia and preoxygenation is recommended. |
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| Keywords: | co-induction cortisol dog etomidate lidocaine midazolam |
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