Glucose homeostasis and the enteroinsular axis in the horse: A possible role in equine metabolic syndrome |
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| Authors: | Ellen de Graaf-Roelfsema |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada;2. College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada;1. Department of Physiological Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA;2. Penn Vet Equine Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Studies – New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA, USA |
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| Abstract: | One of the principal components of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) is hyperinsulinaemia combined with insulin resistance. It has long been known that hyperinsulinaemia occurs after the development of insulin resistance. But it is also known that hyperinsulinaemia itself can induce insulin resistance and obesity and might play a key role in the development of metabolic syndrome. This review focuses on the physiology of glucose and insulin metabolism and the pathophysiological mechanisms in glucose homeostasis in the horse (compared with what is already known in humans) in order to gain insight into the pathophysiological principles underlying EMS. The review summarizes new insights on the oral uptake of glucose by the gut and the enteroinsular axis, the role of diet in incretin hormone and postprandial insulin responses, the handling of glucose by the liver, muscle and fat tissue, and the production and secretion of insulin by the pancreas under healthy and disrupted glucose homeostatic conditions in horses. |
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| Keywords: | Insulin resistance Glucose homeostasis Enteroinsular axis Equine metabolic syndrome Hyperinsulinaemia |
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