|
|||||
|
|
CO2 and ozone effects on canopy development of potato crops across Europe |
|
| Authors: | A Hacour J Craigon K Vandermeiren K Ojanper H Pleijel H Danielsson P Hgy J Finnan M Bindi |
| Institution: | a Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Leuvensesteenweg 17, B-3080, Tervuren, Belgium b School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK c Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Resource Management Research, FIN-316000, Jokioinen, Finland d Applied Environmental Science, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 461, S-40530, Göteborg, Sweden e Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 47086, S-40258, Göteborg, Sweden f Justus-Liebig-University, Institute for Plant Ecology, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Giessen, Germany g University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland h Department of Agronomy and Land Management, University of Florence, P. le delle Cascine 18, I-50144, Florence, Italy |
| Abstract: | This paper describes the effects of elevated CO2 (550 and 680 μl l?1) and O3 (60 nl l?1 O3 as an 8 h mean), alone or in combination, on canopy development and senescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Bintje) across a range of European agro-climatic conditions. The assessments were made within the European CHIP project (CHanging climate and potential Impacts on Potato yield and quality) that was conducted for two growing seasons (1998 and 1999) in free air CO2 enrichment systems (FACE) and open-top chamber facilities (OTCs) at seven European sites. A comparison of chambered and unchambered experimental plots was included to examine the effects of chamber enclosure. Phenological growth stages, plant height, leaf area index (LAI) and the number of green and yellow leaves were recorded non-destructively throughout the growing season and by a destructive intermediate harvest at maximum leaf area (MLA). In the dynamic growth analysis CO2 and O3 effects were studied over three developmental stages: canopy expansion, full canopy and canopy senescence. Chamber enclosures promoted potato crop development (taller plants, more leaves) during the initial growth stages and led to a faster decline of LAI and a higher number of yellow leaves. The growth in ambient plots varied between sites and seasons, as did the scale of the treatment responses. Despite the large background variation, some overall treatment effects could be detected across all sites. Both levels of increased CO2 reduced final plant height in comparison to ambient concentrations, which indicates a premature ending of the active plant growth. At the stage of full canopy and crop senescence the average number of green leaves was significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 680 μl l?1 CO2 (OTC experiments) and LAI showed the same tendency (P=0.07). As there was however no indication of a decreased leaf formation during initial growth and at full canopy, this must have been due to an earlier leaf fall. In the FACE experiments LAI had already began to decline at the stage of full canopy at 550 μl l?1 CO2 but not in ambient CO2 (DAE×CO2, P<0.05). These observations strongly indicated that elevated CO2 induced a premature senescence during full canopy. O3 did not have an overall detrimental effect on crop development during initial growth nor at full canopy, but did induce a faster reduction of LAI during crop senescence (DAE×O3, P<0.05). Final plant height was not affected by O3. There were few CO2×O3 interactions detected. There was a suggestion (P=0.06) that O3 counteracted the CO2-induced decrease of green leaves at full canopy, but on the other hand during crop senescence the decline of LAI due to elevated O3 was faster at ambient compared to elevated CO2 (P<0.05). These responses of canopy development to elevated CO2 and O3 help to explain the treatment responses of potato yield within the CHIP project at sites across Europe. |
| Keywords: | CO2 Ozone Potato Solanum tuberosum L Phenology Crop development Senescence Growth stages |
| 本文献已被 ScienceDirect 等数据库收录！ | |