Movement of cattle slurry through soil by Eisenia foetida (Savigny) |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria;2. Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia;3. Department of Urology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;4. Department of Urology, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Lucerne, Switzerland;5. Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, Urological Research Institute, Milano, Italy;6. Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan;7. Division of Urology, Department of Surgical Sciences, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Studies of Torino, Turin, Italy;8. Department of Urology, Careggi Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy;9. Department of Urology and Oncologic Urology, Wroc?aw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland;10. Service d''Urologie, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium;11. S.H. Ho Urology Centre, Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;12. Department of Urology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia;13. Men''s Health and Reproductive Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;14. Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran;15. Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan;p. Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland;q. Department of Urology, Medical University of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland;r. Department of Urology, Federal Armed Services Hospital Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany;s. Karl Landsteiner Institute of Urology and Andrology, Vienna, Austria;t. Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, NY;u. Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX;v. Department of Urology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic;1. Department of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology, Osnabrück University, Barbarastraße 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany;2. Institute of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology (IBL), An der Kleimannbrücke 98, 48157 Münster, Germany |
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| Abstract: | Cattle slurry (84% moisture, pH 7.8) was added to a sandy soil (pH 6.2) in the presence or absence of earthworms. The addition of slurry resulted in an immediate increase in pH, inorganic nitrogen and bacterial numbers in the upper 7.5 cm of the soil. The activity of the earthworm Eisenia foetida (Savigny) mixed the slurry with the soil to a depth of 17.5cm, as indicated by the movement of coliform bacteria through the soil. In the absence of earthworms, the effects of slurry were restricted to the zone of slurry introduction. Earthworm activity also resulted in a net mineralization of nitrogen, whereas a net loss of mineral nitrogen was observed when earthworms were excluded. |
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