Effects of tractor weight,wheel placement and depth of ploughing on the infestation of perennial weeds in organically farmed cereals |
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| Authors: | Lars Olav Brandsæter Anne Kjersti Bakken Kjell Mangerud Hugh Riley Ragnar Eltun Haldor Fykse |
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| Institution: | 1. Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Plant Health and Plant Protection Division, Aas, Norway;2. Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Grassland and Landscape Division, Stjørdal, Norway;3. Hedmark University College, Faculty of Education and Science, Hamar, Norway;4. Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, Arable Crops Division, Kapp, Norway;5. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Aas, Norway;1. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment, P.O. Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden;2. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 7044, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden;1. Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Working Group Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems, Am Krümpel 31, 49090 Osnabrück, Germany;2. Osnabrück University, Institute of Geography, Seminarstraße 19 a/b, 49074 Osnabrück, Germany;3. Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University, 25-18 Kirova Str., 625003 Tyumen, Russian Federation;1. State Key Lab of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;2. Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA |
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| Abstract: | To ensure optimum conditions for organic cereal growing, it is important to minimize both compaction and soil inversion depth. The relative effects of using light versus heavier tractors, shallow versus deeper ploughing and on-land versus in-furrow wheel placement during ploughing were investigated in three-year organic rotations dominated by cereals with naturally infested stands of perennial weeds. The second part of the experiments was carried out in continuous barley with transplanted root fragments of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. and rhizome pieces of Elymus repens (L.) Gould. Ploughing was performed in spring under favourable weather conditions. Neither tractor weight nor wheel placement influenced decisively the numbers and above-ground biomass of perennial weeds. Depth of ploughing, on the other hand, affected both perennial weed infestation and yield levels consistently. Weed numbers and the total above-ground weed biomass were mostly 50% lower with deep ploughing (25 cm) than with shallow ploughing (15 cm). The greatest advantage of deep ploughing appeared in the control of C. arvense, which in some cases was reduced by more than 90% compared to shallow ploughing. In organic rotations dominated by cereals, therefore, combating of perennial weeds by deep ploughing may be more important than factors such as tractor weight and wheel placement. |
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