Dietary nitrogen and fish welfare |
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| Authors: | Luis E C Concei??o Cláudia Arag?o Jorge Dias Benjamín Costas Genciana Terova Catarina Martins Lluis Tort |
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| Institution: | CCMAR-CIMAR L.A., Centro de Ciências do Mar do Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal, lconcei@ualg.pt. |
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| Abstract: | Little research has been done in optimizing the nitrogenous fraction of the fish diets in order to minimize welfare problems.
The purpose of this review is to give an overview on how amino acid (AA) metabolism may be affected when fish are under stress
and the possible effects on fish welfare when sub-optimal dietary nitrogen formulations are used to feed fish. In addition,
it intends to evaluate the current possibilities, and future prospects, of using improved dietary nitrogen formulations to
help fish coping with predictable stressful periods. Both metabolomic and genomic evidence show that stressful husbandry conditions
affect AA metabolism in fish and may bring an increase in the requirement of indispensable AA. Supplementation in arginine
and leucine, but also eventually in lysine, methionine, threonine and glutamine, may have an important role in enhancing the
innate immune system. Tryptophan, as precursor for serotonin, modulates aggressive behaviour and feed intake in fish. Bioactive
peptides may bring important advances in immunocompetence, disease control and other aspects of welfare of cultured fish.
Fishmeal replacement may reduce immune competence, and the full nutritional potential of plant-protein ingredients is attained
only after the removal or inactivation of some antinutritional factors. This review shows that AA metabolism is affected when
fish are under stress, and this together with sub-optimal dietary nitrogen formulations may affect fish welfare. Furthermore,
improved dietary nitrogen formulations may help fish coping with predictable stressful events. |
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