| Abstract: | - 1 Some effects of fisheries on the associated biological systems are reviewed and management options and their inherent risks are considered.
- 2 In addition to the effects on target species, other sensitive groups impacted by fishing are considered including marine mammals, turtles, sea birds, elasmobranchs and some invertebrates with low reproductive rates.
- 3 Other impacts discussed include the destruction of benthic habitat, the provision of unnatural sources of food and the generation of debris.
- 4 Management options are considered including the designation of marine protected areas, risk aversion, and the burden of proof.
- 5 A balanced consideration of the risks and consequences of ?Type 1’? and ?Type II’? errors is advocated.
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