Effect of tire rubber ash and zinc sulfate on yield and grain zinc and cadmium concentrations of different zinc-deficiency tolerance wheat cultivars under field conditions |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran;2. Soilless Culture Research Centre, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran;3. Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University, Isfahan, Iran;4. Beltsville, MD, USA;1. BioLabs, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy;2. US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA 95618, USA;3. Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA;1. Departamento de Producción Vegetal y Ciencia Forestal, Unidad Asociada EEAD-CSIC, Agrotecnio, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain;2. Departamento de Suelo y Agua, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), POB 13034, 50080 Zaragoza, Spain;2. Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine of the University of the Republic of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay;3. Department of Radiation Oncology, Delfin Radioterapia Salvador, Bahía, Brazil;4. Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas (INEN), Lima Ica, Nazca, Peru |
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| Abstract: | The aims of these field experiments were to investigate the effectiveness of soil application of rubber tire ash in comparison with soil and foliar applications of zinc (Zn) sulfate to increase Zn and decrease cadmium (Cd) concentrations in wheat grain. A two-year field experiment was conducted during the 2007–2008 and 2007–2008 growing seasons at Isfahan research field, Iran. Ten different Zn-efficiency bread wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) commonly cultivated in different parts of Iran were subjected to no Zn fertilizer addition (control), soil application of 40 kg ha?1 ZnSO4, soil application of 100 (for the first year) and 250 (for the second year) kg ha?1 waste rubber tire ash, foliar application of Zn at the mid tillering stage, and foliar application of Zn at the early anthesis stage. In the foliar application, ZnSO4 was sprayed at a rate of 0.66 kg Zn/ha. Foliar spray of zinc sulfate at early anthesis, in general, had no significant effect on the yield and grain Cd while significantly increased grain Zn concentrations of most cultivars. On average, the foliar Zn treatment at the mid tillering stage (0.66 kg Zn/ha), decreased the mean grain Cd concentration from 0.032 mg kg?1 in the control treatment to 0.024 mg kg?1. While the grain Zn concentrations of some cultivars increased with soil application of Zn sulfate, they were not affected or even decreased in other cultivars. For most studied wheat cultivars, pre-planting application of rubber tire ash in soil resulted in a significant decrease of grain Cd concentrations. The results show that the effectiveness of soil and foliar application of Zn on yield and grain Zn and Cd concentrations greatly depends on the cultivar. The currently recommended rates of soil applications of Zn to ameliorate Zn deficiency are sufficient to increase grain Zn and decrease grain Cd concentrations in some wheat cultivars, while they do not in the others. In this study, soil application of 250 kg rubber tire ash/ha and foliar spray of 0.66 kg Zn/ha at tillering stage were the most effective treatments to ameliorate Zn deficiency and to increase Zn and decrease Cd concentration in grains of most wheat cultivars. |
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| Keywords: | Zinc Cadmium Tire rubber ash Foliar spray Soil fertilization |
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