Restoration of eroded soil with conservation tillage |
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| Institution: | 1. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv. Southern Piedmont Conservation Research Center P.O. Box 555 Watkinsville, Georgia 30677 USA;2. U.S. Dept. Agric., Agric. Res. Serv. Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station P.O. Box 748 Tifton, Georgia 31793 USA;3. Department of Agronomy University of Georgia Athens, Georgia 30602 USA;1. Institute of Plant Nutrition & Resource Environment, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China;2. Yuanyang Experimental Station of Crop Water Use, Ministry of Agriculture, Yuanyang 453514, China;3. College of Geography and Tourism, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou 450044, China;1. Programa de Edafología, Colegio de Postgraduados, km 36.5 Carr., México-Texcoco, Montecillo, 56230, Edo. de Mex., Mexico;2. Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Universidad Santiago de Compostela, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Rúa Benigno Ledo, s/n., 27002 Lugo, Spain;3. Former student of the Programa de Edafología, Colegio de Postgraduados, km 36.5 Car., México-Texcoco, Montecillo, 56230, Edo. de Mex., Mexico;4. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Km.13.5 Car. Texcoco-los Reyes, Coatlinchan, Texcoco, Edo. de Mex., 56250, Mexico;5. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) Campo Experimental las Huastecas, Carr. Tampico - Mante km 55, 89610, Villa Cuauhtémoc, Tamaulipas, Mexico;1. West Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, USA;2. United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Oklahoma and Central Plains Agricultural Research Center, El-Reno, OK 73036, USA;3. Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;1. IAPAR – Agronomic Institute of Paraná State, 86001-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil;2. EMBRAPA Soja, Caixa Postal 231, CEP 86001-970 Londrina, Paraná, Brazil;3. Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA |
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| Abstract: | Eroded Kandhapludult soils occupy more than 40% of the Southern Piedmont region of the USA. The humid-thermic climate associated with the Ultisols permits double crop residue production ranging from 10 to 14 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Long-term conservation tillage into these crop residues is beneficial in ameliorating the effects of soil erosion. During the course of a five-year study, decomposition of these residues increased soil carbon significantly. Restoration processes were initiated by increasing average soil carbon, representing slight, moderate and severe soil erosion classes, from 0.97 to 2.37% in the 0 to 1.5-cm depth. Accompanying soil carbon responses were increases in soil N, water-stable aggregation and infiltration. Runoff coefficients on conservation tilled restored soils was only 6%, compared to 35% for those conventionally tilled. Rill and interrill soil loss rates were also reduced significantly with surface residue provided with conservation tillage.Restoring Ultisol landscapes with variable levels of soil erosion requires differential fertilization. All fertilizer requirements for severely eroded plots were 1.43 to 2.30-fold higher than those of moderately eroded plots. Because biological N fixation by the crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) cover crop appeared to be retarded on the severely eroded site, observed plant N stress developed on the irrigated/conservation tillage treatment. Cumulative grain yields of severely eroded site, ranged from 15.4 to 30.3 Mg ha−1 5yr−1, and were statistically equal to or exceeded those of the slightly eroded site. Conservation tillage grain yields were best optimized on the rainfed-moderately eroded site, probably because of the more desirable texture-organic properties of the 13-cm thick Ap horizon. Management of cool-season cover crops with conservation tillage appears essential to restore and sustain crop productivity on eroded Ultisols. |
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