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Bioassay-directed Fractionation of Organic Extracts of Marine Surface Sediments from the North and Baltic Sea - Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index (8 pp) |
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| Authors: | Ulrike Kammann Scarlett Biselli Ninja Reineke Werner Wosniok Dirk Danischewski Heinrich Hühnerfuss Angelika Kinder Arne Sierts-Herrmann Norbert Theobald Hans-Heinrich Vahl Michael Vobach Johannes Westendorf Hans Steinhart |
| Institution: | 4914. Dr. Ulrike Kammann
Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei
Institut für Fischerei?kologie
Palmaille 9
22767 Hamburg
DEUTSCHLAND, 5827. Scarlett Biselli Eurofins Wiertz-Eggert-J?rissen Stenzelring 14b 21107 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, 5831. Ninja Reineke Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, 5820. Werner Wosniok University of Bremen Institute of Statistics Bibliothekstr. 1 28334 Bremen DEUTSCHLAND, 5822. Dirk Danischewski Federal Research Centre for Fisheries Institute for Fishery Ecology Palmaille 9 22767 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, 5830. Heinrich Hühnerfuss Institute of Organic Chemistry University of Hamburg Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6 20146 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, 5823. Angelika Kinder University of Hamburg Institute for Food Chemistry Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, 5824. Arne Sierts-Herrmann University of Hamburg Institute for Food Chemistry Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, 5828. Norbert Theobald Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency Bernhard-Nochtstr. 78 20359 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, 5825. Hans-Heinrich Vahl University of Hamburg University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf Department for Toxicology Vogt-K?lln-Str. 30 22527 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, 5821. Michael Vobach Federal Research Centre for Fisheries Institute for Fishery Ecology Palmaille 9 22767 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, 5826. Johannes Westendorf University of Hamburg University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf Department for Toxicology Vogt-K?lln-Str. 30 22527 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, 3421. Prof. Dr. Dr. rer. nat. Hans Steinhart Universit?t Hamburg Institut für Biochemie und Lebensmittelchemie Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg DEUTSCHLAND, |
| Abstract: | -Part I: Determination and identification of organic pollutants Part II: Results of the biotest battery and development of a biotest index-Preamble. This series of two papers presents the results of an interdisciplinary research project (ISIS) dealing with bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. Part I presents the extraction and fractionation procedure as well as the results of chemical analysis, including non-target analysis of sediments. Part II describes the results of the biotest battery in relation to chemicals possibly causing parts of the observed effects. A biotest index is used to compare the toxicities of the samples.-AUTHORS / AFFILIATIONS Ninja Reineke (3), Werner Wosniok (4), Dirk Danischewski (1), Heinrich Hühnerfuss (3), Angelika Kinder (5), Arne Sierts-Herrmann (5), Norbert Theobald (2), Hans-Heinrich Vahl (6), Michael Vobach (1), Johannes Westendorf (6) and Hans Steinhart (5).-(1) Federal Research Centre for Fisheries, Institute for Fishery Ecology, Palmaille 9, 22767 Hamburg, Germany (2) Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Bernhard-Nochtstr. 78, 20359 Hamburg, Germany (3) University of Hamburg, Institute for Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (4) University of Bremen, Institute of Statistics, Bibliothekstr. 1, 28334 Bremen, Germany (5) University of Hamburg, Institute for Food Chemistry, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany (6) University of Hamburg, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department for Toxicology, Vogt-Kölln-Str. 30, 22527 Hamburg, Germany (7) Eurofins Wiertz-Eggert-Jörissen, Stenzelring 14b, 21107 Hamburg, GermanyGoal, Scope and BackgroundThe ecological relevance of contaminants in mixtures is difficult to assess, because of possible interactions and due to lacking toxicity data for many substances present in environmental samples. Marine sediment extracts, which contain a mixture of environmental contaminants in low concentrations, were the object of this study. The extracts were investigated with a set of different biotests in order to identify the compound or the substance class responsible for the toxicity. For this goal, a combination of biotests, biotest-directed fractionation and chemical analysis has been applied. Further on, a strategy for the development of a biotest index to describe the toxicity of the fractions without a prior ranking of the test results is proposed. This article (Part II) focuses on the biological results of the approach.MethodsThe toxicological potential of organic extracts of sediments from the North Sea and the Baltic Sea was analyzed in a bioassay-directed fractionation procedure with a set of biotests: luciferase reporter gene assays on hormone receptor and Ah receptor, arabinose resistance test, fish embryo test (Danio rerio), comet assay, acetylcholinesterase inhibition test, heat-shock protein 70 induction, oxidative stress and luminescence inhibition test (Vibrio fischeri). The test results provided the basis for the calculation of a biotest index by factor analysis to compare the toxicity of the samples and fractions.Results and DiscussionResults of 11 biotests on different fractionation levels of the samples were described and discussed with regard to the occurrence of contaminants and their toxic potentials. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, quinones, brominated indoles and brominated phenols were in the focus of interest. A biotest index was constructed to compare the toxic responses in the samples and to group the biotest results.ConclusionThe procedure presented in this study is well suited for bioassay-directed fractionation of marine sediment extracts. However, in relatively low contaminated samples, high enrichment factors and sufficient fractionation is necessary to allow identification of low concentrations of contaminants which is required to link effects and possible causes. In the present case, the relation between substances and effects was difficult to uncover due to relatively low concentrations of pollutants compared to the biogenic matrix and to the remaining complexity of the fractions. The results, with respect to the brominated phenols and indoles in the samples, highlight the successful use of bioassay directed fractionation in the case of high concentrations and high toxicity.Recommendation and OutlookIn general, it has been shown that a marine risk assessment requires focusing on the input of diffuse sources and taking into account the fact of mixture toxicity. Effects resulting from biogenic substances will make the assessment of the influence of anthropogenic substances even more difficult. |
| Keywords: | Baltic Sea bioassay-directed fractionation biotest index marine North Sea sediments toxicity |
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