Spatial patterns of a subtropical,coastal urban forest: Implications for land tenure,hurricanes, and invasives |
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| Authors: | Min Zhao Francisco J Escobedo Christina Staudhammer |
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| Institution: | 1. Urban Ecology and Environment Research Center, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;2. School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;1. Urban Ecology and Environment Research Center, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China;2. School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;1. US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Philadelphia Field Station, 100 N. 20th St. Suite 205, Philadelphia, PA, 19103, United States;2. Geography and Urban Studies Department, Temple University, 308 Gladfelter Hall, 1115 W. Berks St. Philadelphia, PA, 19122, United States;3. Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 333 Design Building, 551 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States;4. Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Rd., Mississauga, ON, Canada;5. Department of Natural Resources and the Environment & Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Unit 4087, 1376 Storrs Rd. Storrs, CT, 06269, United States;6. School of Geosciences & USF Water Institute, University of South Florida, 4202 East Fowler Ave., NES107, Tampa, FL, United States;7. Environmental Science and Studies Department, DePaul University, 1 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago, IL, 60601, United States;8. US Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 800 Buchanan St., Albany, CA, 94710, United States;9. US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Baltimore Field Station, 5523 Research Park Drive, Suite 350, Baltimore, MD, 21228, United States;10. National Socio-environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC), 1 Park Place, Suite 300, Annapolis, MD, 21401, United States;11. Department of Forest Resources Management, University of British Columbia, 2045-2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada;12. Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States;13. Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA, 95616, United States;14. Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States;15. Department of Geography, Ball State University, 2000 W. University Ave, Muncie, IN 47306, United States;p. Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, United States;q. School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 1315 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States;r. Department of Biology, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, United States;s. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, PO Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States;1. School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL, USA;2. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, PO Box 870344, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA;3. USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Knoxville, TN, USA;4. USDA Forest Service, PO Box 11086, Building 164 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, USA;1. Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Cracow, Poland;2. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 46 Lubicz Street, 31-512 Cracow, Poland;3. Department of Biology, University of Tirana, Bulevardi ZOG I, Tirana, Albania;4. Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, University of Cologne, Zülpicherstr. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany;1. Institute of Environmental Sustainability, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60606, USA;2. Nature Tech Nursery, Langley, British Columbia, Canada;3. Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie, Altensteinstr 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany;4. School of Earth Science and Environmental Sustainability and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-5694, USA;5. Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB), D-14195 Berlin, Germany;1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science of the Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210042, China;3. School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;4. Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, UMR 1120 INPL(ENSAIA)/INRA, BP 172, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, F-54505 Vandoeuvre les Nancy Cédex, France;5. Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Guangzhou 510275, China;1. Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, POB 162, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia;2. Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia;3. INCDO-INOE 2000 Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation (ICIA), Cluj-Napoca, Romania |
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| Abstract: | Spatial patterns of tree structure and composition were studied to assess the effects of land tenure, management regimes, and the environment on a coastal, subtropical urban forest. A total of 229 plots in remnant natural areas, private residential, public non-residential, and private non-residential land tenures were analyzed in a 1273 km2 study area encompassing the urbanized portion of Miami-Dade County, USA. Statistical mixed models of structure, composition, location, and land tenure data were used to analyze spatial patterns across the study area. A total of 1200 trees were measured of which 593 trees (49%) were located in residential areas, 67 (6%) in public non-residential areas, 135 trees (11%) in private non-residential areas, and 405 (34%) in remnant, natural areas. A total of 107 different tree species belonging to 90 genera were sampled. Basal area in residential land tenures increased towards the coast while private residential land tenures and natural areas had higher species diversity than non-residential areas. Tree height, crown light exposure, and crown area might indicate the effects of past hurricane impacts on urban forest structure. Land tenure, soil types, and urban morphology influenced composition and structure. Broadleaf evergreen trees are the most common growth form, followed by broadleaf deciduous, palms, and conifers. Exotic tree species originated mainly from Asia and 15% of all trees measured were considered exotic-highly invasive species. We discuss the use of these results as an ecological basis for management and resilience towards hurricane damage and identifying occurrence of invasive, exotic trees. |
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