Successful creation of species-rich grassland on road verges depend on various methods for seed transfer |
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| Authors: | J-F Nordbakken K Rydgren I Auestad I Austad |
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| Institution: | 1. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Instituto de Investigación en Energías Renovables, Albacete 02006, Spain;2. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain;3. Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CIFOR), Cª La Coruña km 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain;4. Iberdrola Renovables Energía S.A., C/Menorca 19, 46023 Valencia, Spain;1. Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, 176 North Jiangdong Rd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210036, China;2. Air Quality Analysis Section, Environment Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada;3. Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada;4. Air Quality Modelling and Integration Section, Environment Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H 5T4, Canada;1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China;2. Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang College, Guiyang 550005, China;3. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;1. Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Denmark;2. Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University Esbjerg, Denmark;1. Institute for Environmental Studies, Amsterdam Global Change Institute, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;2. Alterra, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | This study focused on a suite of vascular plant species (six herbs and two grasses) common to traditionally managed, species-rich grasslands in Western Norway. We assessed the suitability of two species transfer methods (seed sowing and soil seed bank) for restoration of species-rich grassland on a newly established road verge. We compared the species' frequencies one and three years after they were sown on a naked, newly created road verge with their frequencies in aboveground vegetation and soil seed banks of comparable, local grasslands. Species frequencies in the aboveground vegetation differed significantly from those in the seed banks. Moreover, the frequencies in the seed banks differed from those recorded one year after sowing, and the frequencies in the aboveground vegetation differed from those recorded three years after sowing. Avenula pubescens and Knautia arvensis, found in more than 25% of the aboveground grassland plots, did not germinate from any of the seed bank samples. Festuca rubra, Galium verum, Pimpinella saxifraga and Silene vulgaris were more frequent in the aboveground plots than in the seed bank samples. Pimpinella saxifraga, Galium verum and Lychnis viscaria emerged quite well both from sown seeds and from the seed bank. Avenula pubescens was frequent in the aboveground vegetation, but did not germinate from sown seeds. Six species established well from seeds, and most increased in frequency in the sown plots from the first to the third year. No species was found in the sown plots only, but three years after sowing, three species were more frequent in the sown plots than in the aboveground vegetation of donor grassland plots. Our fine-scale, point-to-point study demonstrates that different restoration methods produce widely differing species composition even when the donor material is identical. We propose that different substrates and a combination of establishment methods (sowing and hay transfer) are needed as supplements to seed banks to re-establish species-rich grassland. |
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