Comparison of tramadol and morphine for pre-medication of dogs undergoing general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery |
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| Authors: | AGP Guedes CC Natalini EP Rude RX Faria |
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| Institution: | University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA |
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| Abstract: | Tramadol is a centrally acting analgesic with opioid and monoaminergic actions. Its clinical effects have been well characterized in humans, where it has been in use for many years, but little is known for veterinary species. This study evaluated the sedative, emetic, thiopental‐sparing and intraoperative respiratory and hemodynamic effects of tramadol in comparison to morphine for pre‐medication of dogs undergoing orthopedic surgery under halothane anesthesia. Sixteen adult, healthy, mixed breed dogs (8.0 ± 2.6 kg) were studied. Eight dogs were pre‐medicated with tramadol (1.0 mg kg‐1 IM) and the other eight with morphine (1.0 mg kg–1 IM). After 20 minutes, anesthesia was induced with thiopental and subsequently maintained with halothane in oxygen using a Bain system, with spontaneous respiration. Degree of sedation and occurrence of emesis were evaluated after pre‐anesthetic medication. Dose of thiopental necessary for tracheal intubation was compared between the two groups. Arterial blood gas analyzes were done before pre‐medication and at 60 minutes of anesthesia. Heart rate and noninvasive arterial blood pressure were recorded before pre‐medication and every 10 minutes during anesthesia. Observer was blinded of the treatment given for each dog. Tramadol produced no visible sedation and no vomiting, while morphine induced a moderate degree of sedation in all dogs and vomiting in 62% of them. Dogs pre‐medicated with tramadol required significantly more thiopental (17 ± 3.8 mg kg–1) for induction of anesthesia than those pre‐medicated with morphine (12 ± 1.8 mg kg–1). Pre‐medication with morphine was associated with significantly higher PaCO2 and lower pH at 60 minutes of anesthesia. The remaining respiratory parameters and the hemodynamic variables were similar between the two groups. In conclusion, dogs pre‐medicated with tramadol at 1 mg kg–1 IM do not become visibly sedated and require a greater amount of thiopental for induction of anesthesia than pre‐medication with morphine. As intraoperative respiratory function is better preserved with tramadol, it may be useful for pre‐medication of respiratory compromised patients. |
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