| 中国农村厕所改造政策、技术与标准现状及展望 |
| |
| 引用本文： | 孔德亮,袁昌斌,李子富,刘志丹.中国农村厕所改造政策、技术与标准现状及展望[J].农业工程学报,2022,38(16):260-269. |
| |
| 作者姓名： | 孔德亮 袁昌斌 李子富 刘志丹 |
| |
| 作者单位： | 1. 中国农业大学水利与土木工程学院农业农村部设施农业工程重点实验室，环境增值能源实验室，北京 100083;2. 北京科技大学能源与环境工程学院，北京 100083 |
| |
| 基金项目： | 美国比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会资助项目（RTTC-C-R2-01-001-1） |
| |
| 摘 要： | 厕所革命关乎民生大计，农村厕所改造是实现乡村振兴的重要组成部分。针对农村厕所改造过程中存在厕所改造政策落实不到位、盲目选择厕所类型、粪污处理不当和厕所标准规范不完善等问题，对文献和相关材料进行查阅和梳理。从厕所改造政策发展历程、厕所改造关键技术和厕所改造标准体系及重要标准规范等3个方面对中国农村厕所改造的发展历程进行回顾和研究，提出要确保农村厕所改造的政策文件和资金落实到位、因地制宜选择农村厕所改造和粪污处理的技术与模式、修订完善现有标准规范和补充缺乏的标准内容并形成系统的农村户厕标准体系、基层政府和农村要推动常态化管理维护并形成一体化管理机制等建议，以期为中国农村厕所革命的推进提供参考。
|
| 关 键 词： | 农村 粪污 处理 厕所改造 改厕政策 厕所类型 标准规范 |
| 收稿时间： | 2022/6/20 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2022/7/30 0:00:00 |
Status and prospect of policies, technologies and standards for rural toilet renovation in China |
| |
| Kong Deliang,Yuan Changbin,Li Zifu,Liu Zhidan.Status and prospect of policies, technologies and standards for rural toilet renovation in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2022,38(16):260-269. |
| |
| Authors: | Kong Deliang Yuan Changbin Li Zifu Liu Zhidan |
| |
| Institution: | 1. Laboratory of Environment-Enhancing Energy and Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China;;2. School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China |
| |
| Abstract: | Abstract: The Toilet Revolution is closely related to people''s livelihood, well-being, and welfare. The renovation of rural toilets has been one of the most important parts to realize Rural Revitalization. In this review, a systematic investigation was made to sort out the existing challenges during rural toilets renovation in China. Some issues were also covered, including the inadequate implementation of toilet-renovation policies, blind selection of toilet types, improper treatment of fecal sewage, and imperfect toilet standards. Three aspects were reviewed in the development of rural toilet renovation: the development process of toilet renovation policies, the key technologies (such as the types of sanitary toilets and fecal sewage treatment), and the standard system of toilet renovation. There was the continuous updating and introduction of policies and regulations in the process of toilet renovation in recent years. The toilet reconstruction was a high urgency to fully meet the requirements of the country for the sanitary toilets in Rural Revitalization. It is necessary to comprehensively promote the improvement of rural human settlements. The farmers'' concept of environmental health also needed to build a well-off society in an all-round way. Alternatively, a summary was made for the types of sanitary toilets and the process of harmless treatment of fecal sewage, according to the key technologies of toilet renovation. There were six types of sanitary toilets renovation in the rural areas in China at present. Specifically, three-compartment septic tank, double-urn funnel, triple, feces and urine separation, double-pit alternating, and complete sewer flush type toilet. Furthermore, it was also summarized to gradually develop and popularize the new ecological toilets in rural areas. Therefore, the characteristics of sanitary toilets were evaluated to choose the specific types of toilets suitable for the local situation and the requirements of farmers in different areas. At the same time, the treatment of toilet feces was also an urgent problem to be solved. The abandonment of the reconstructed toilet and waste of resources also posed a major threat to human health and the ecological environment. An optimal treatment mode was selected for the faecal sludge to balance the local conditions, the types of sanitary toilets, and the requirements of farmers. Besides, it was also essential to treat the faecal sludge in a harmless, reduced and resource-based manner. According to the standard system of rural household toilets, the current standards, specifications or technical requirements were also summarized for the reconstruction of rural toilets in China. Different levels were classified during this time. However, it was still lacking in the system and integrity in the standards and specifications. Thus, a systematic standard system needed to be issued in the future. Finally, some suggestions were recommended for the policy regulations to implement in place, the technologies and models to select suitable for the local conditions, and a systematic rural household toilet standard system to formulate. It is also necessary to further strengthen departmental coordination and operation management. The finding can also provide a strong reference to promote the rural toilet revolution in China. |
| |
| Keywords: | rural area meaure treatment toilet renovation toilet reform policy types of toilets standards and norms |
|
| 点击此处可从《农业工程学报》浏览原始摘要信息 |
| 点击此处可从《农业工程学报》下载免费的PDF全文 |
|
