In order to improve the upland cotton quality breeding efficiency, parts of the morphological characters and five fiber quality traits of 21 upland cotton varieties (strains) were measured and the correlations between cotyledon, boll and fiber quality traits were studied. The results showed that there are significant positive correlations between the length, width and volume of large or small cotyledon and fiber strength; there are negative correlations between the length and width of large or small cotyledon and micron value; there are significant negative correlations between the length of large or small cotyledon and fiber elongation; there is a significant negative correlation between the volume of small cotyledon and fiber elongation, while no significant correlation between the volume of large cotyledon and fiber elongation; there is a significant negative correlation between the transverse diameter of cotton boll and fiber length; there are significant positive correlations between fiber length, fiber strength and the shape index of cotton boll. The research indicated that it is possible and effective to indirectly select main quality traits of upland cotton using morphological characters in the field.