The effect of stand age on CO2 efflux from wood ant (Formica rufa group) mounds in boreal forests |
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| Institution: | 1. Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Unit, P.O. Box 68, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;2. School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA;3. Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland;4. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;5. Faculty of Forestry, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;1. Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;2. Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;1. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 53021, SE-400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden;2. Lund University, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden;1. Insect Behavioural Ecology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India;2. Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India;1. Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;2. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 7044, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;3. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Soil and Environment, P.O. Box 7014, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;4. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Energy and Technology, Unit of Applied Statistics and Mathematics, P.O. Box 7032, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden |
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| Abstract: | Recent studies suggest that wood ants (Formica rufa group) mounds are point sources of carbon dioxide (CO2), which increase the heterogeneity of soil carbon (C) emissions in forest ecosystems. However, little is known about the impact of anthropogenic activities, such as logging and subsequent forest succession, on these fluxes. In this study, we measured the CO2 efflux and temperature of wood ant mounds and the surrounding forest floor in managed Finnish boreal forests of different ages (5, 30, 60, and 100 years old) to assess how the effluxes vary with stand age. We conducted efflux measurements from the mounds and the surrounding forest floor throughout the ants' active season (May–September) and during the onset of hibernation (October). The annual CO2 efflux was then estimated using mound or forest floor temperatures, which were measured for one year. The average annual CO2 efflux from the ant mounds was 10.2 (±5.8 SD) kg m?2 year?1, increasing from 3.9 (±0.3 SD) kg m?2 year?1 in the 5 year-old stands to 14.3 (±3.0 SD) kg m?2 year?1 in the 100 year-old stands. Temperatures was significantly higher in the ant mounds than in the forest floor, and the average temperature difference between mounds and forest floor increased with stand age, being the lowest in the 5 year-old (4.1 (±3.1 SD) °C) and highest in the 100 year-old stands (10.3 (±5.2 SD) °C). There were no statistical differences in the mound CO2 efflux per volume among forest age classes, suggesting higher ant CO2 efflux in the older stands likely come from larger ant populations in the bigger mounts. The different mound temperature regimes among stand age classes indicates that the activity of wood ants changes with forest succession, particularly after clear-cutting, which alters CO2 efflux from the mounds. The impact of ant mounds on total CO2 efflux from the soil, estimated from mound area and volume, respectively, increased with forest age, from 0.05 (±0.05 SD) % to 0.31 (±0.18 SD) % and from 0.05 (±0.06 SD) % to 0.90% (±1.11 SD). |
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