Uptake and bioaccumulation of heavy elements by two earthworm species from a smelter contaminated area in northern Kosovo |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Physics, Section of Solid State Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece;2. Division of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece;3. School of Physics, Section of Applied Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece;4. Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece;5. School of Mining Engineering and Metallurgy, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, Athens 15780, Greece;1. School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;2. Institute of Agriculture & Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand;3. Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand;1. Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano – Câmpus Urutaí, Urutaí, Goiás, Brazil;2. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Câmpus Samambaia, Goiânia, Brazil;3. Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano – Câmpus Urutaí, Urutaí, Goiás, Brazil;4. Laboratório de Pesquisas Biológicas, Departamento de Agronomia, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano – Câmpus Urutaí, Urutaí, Brazil;5. Departamento de Agricultura, Universidade Federal de Goiás – Câmpus Samambaia, Goiânia, Brazil;1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;2. Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;3. Department of Biostatistics, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran;4. Newcastle Institute of Energy and Resources, The University of Newcastle, Australia;5. Biospher Technology Company, Environmental Laboratory, Abhar, Iran;1. Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India;2. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India;3. Department of Microbiology, Kanchi Shri Krishna College of Arts and Science, Kanchipuram, 631 551, Tamil Nadu, India;4. Department of Zoology, Arumugam Pillai Seethai Ammal College, Tiruppattur, 630 211, Tamil Nadu, India |
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| Abstract: | As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn concentrations were determined in two earthworm species (Allolobophora rosea and Nicodrilus caliginosus) from a mining and industrial area in northern Kosovo and compared with their contents in the bulk soil and the main soil fractions. Earthworm specimens were collected at fifteen sites located at different distances from a Pb–Zn smelter along a gradient of decreasing contamination. Individuals of A. rosea and N. caliginosus showed similar tissue levels of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn, suggesting that earthworm species belonging to the same eco-physiological group have a similar propensity to uptake and bioaccumulate heavy elements. Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn concentrations in both earthworm species were positively correlated with the respective total soil contents and generally decreased with distance from the smelter. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) revealed that Cd and Zn were the only elements bioaccumulated by earthworms. The rank order of BAF values for both species was as follows: Cd > > Zn > > Cu > As = Pb = Sb. The absorption of Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn by earthworms mostly depended on the extractable, reducible and oxidable soil fractions, suggesting that the intestine is likely the most important uptake route. The extractable soil fraction constantly influenced the uptake of these heavy elements, whereas the reducible fraction was important mainly for Pb and Zn. The water soluble fraction had an important role especially for the most mobile heavy elements such as Cd and Zn, suggesting that dermal uptake is not negligible. As a whole, the analytical data indicate that soil fractionation patterns influence the uptake of heavy elements by earthworms, and the extractable fraction is a good predictor of heavy element bioavailability to these invertebrates in soil. |
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