Metabolomics of capsicum ripening reveals modification of the ethylene related-pathway and carbon metabolism |
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| Institution: | 1. School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia;2. Metabolomics Australia, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;3. School of Biological Science, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;4. Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;1. Department of Horticulture, Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA;2. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA -Chile), La Platina Research Centre, Av. Santa Rosa 11, 610, P.O. Box 439-3, Santiago, Chile;3. XaRTA-Postharvest, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research and Technology (IRTA), Edifici Fruitcentre, Parc Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida, 25003, Lleida, Spain;1. Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel;2. Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, ARO – The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 15159, Rishon LeZiyyon 7505101, Israel;1. Institute of Postharvest Technology of Agricultural Products, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China;2. Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA;3. Guelph Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada;1. Departmentof Plant Science and Agricultural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;3. Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, New Mexico, 88003, USA |
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| Abstract: | Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Aries) is a non-climacteric bell-pepper fruit, exhibiting limited ethylene and respiration levels during ripening. In contrast to climacteric fruit, such as tomato which is largely dependent upon ethylene to ripen, the regulation of non-climacteric ripening is still inadequately understood. A metabolomics approach was used to identify differentially abundant compounds between ripening stages with the aim of elucidating metabolic pathways involved in the regulation of non-climacteric ripening. Metabolite profiling using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was initially employed to screen potential metabolite differences among three ripening stages (Green, Breaker Red 1 and Light Red). Targeted analyses using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) or enzymatic assays were subsequently employed to characterise selected metabolites in more ripening stages. Starch, sugars and their derivatives were significantly modified during ripening which may affect the abundance of some glycolysis intermediates and consequently other metabolic pathways involving amino acids, colour and pungency precursors, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. Furthermore, metabolites closely related to ethylene production such as cysteine and methionine gradually increased between the ripening stages, whereas putrescine significantly decreased during ripening, suggesting that some parts of the ethylene pathway may still be functional in this non-climacteric fruit. Thus, this study which utilised both profiling and targeted metabolomics, has identified a wide range of metabolites which are involved in various biochemical pathways and highlights the overall metabolic shifts during non-climacteric capsicum ripening. |
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| Keywords: | Fruit GC–MS LC–MS Non-climacteric Pepper |
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