| 苜蓿的起源与传播考述 |
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| 引用本文： | 孙启忠,柳茜,李峰,陶雅,徐丽君.苜蓿的起源与传播考述[J].草业学报,2019,28(6):204-212. |
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| 作者姓名： | 孙启忠 柳茜 李峰 陶雅 徐丽君 |
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| 作者单位： | 中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古 呼和浩特,010010;四川省凉山彝族自治州畜牧兽医研究所,四川 西昌,615042;呼伦贝尔国家野外站,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京 100081 |
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| 基金项目： | 中国农业科学院创新工程牧草栽培与加工利用(CAAS-ASTIP-IGR 2015-02)和国家牧草产业体系(GRS-35)资助 |
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| 摘 要： | 苜蓿的起源与传播,既是一个历史问题,也是一个理论问题,不仅是草学界和草史界的重要研究课题,也是农学界乃至农史界的重要研究课题。苜蓿作为一种古老的栽培作物,其起源与传播一直受到人们的关注。伊朗(波斯)为苜蓿的起源中心得到广泛认可。苜蓿有两个不同的起源中心,一是外高加索山区,现代欧洲型苜蓿就来源于此,另一个为中亚细亚,是有史以来的灌溉农业区,夏季酷热干燥,这点和外高加索一样,但不同的是冬季温暖。在伊朗考古遗址中发现的炭化苜蓿种子足以证明苜蓿是一种古老的作物,大约在8000年之前人类就开始利用苜蓿了,在公元前1300年的土耳其和公元前700年的巴比伦人的教科书中就出现了有关苜蓿的记载。像其他作物的传播一样,苜蓿的传播也是通过航海贸易和军队入侵,苜蓿是战马的主要饲料,约在公元前490年,波斯人入侵希腊时,苜蓿种子也随之被带入希腊,苜蓿传入意大利的时间还不确定,可能是公元前200年。在苜蓿传入意大利的同时,公元前126年由汉武帝派往西域的使者张骞将苜蓿种子带入中国。到1550年,苜蓿从西班牙扩展到法国,1565年到比利时和荷兰,1650年到英国,大约在1750年到德国和奥地利,1770年到瑞典,18世纪传到俄罗斯,之后,大约1800年又由欧洲传入新西兰,1806年引入澳大利亚。苜蓿于1535年被传入秘鲁,直到18世纪,苜蓿才被引入阿根廷,从秘鲁又传入智利。苜蓿于1736年,从墨西哥传入美国。
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| 关 键 词： | 苜蓿 起源 传播 苜蓿史 |
| 收稿时间： | 2018-05-15 |
| 修稿时间： | 2018-09-28 |
A brief review of the origin and dissemination of Alfalfa |
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| SUN Qi-zhong,LIU Qian,LI Feng,TAO Ya,XU Li-jun.A brief review of the origin and dissemination of Alfalfa[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2019,28(6):204-212. |
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| Authors: | SUN Qi-zhong LIU Qian LI Feng TAO Ya XU Li-jun |
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| Institution: | 1.Grassland Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hohhot 010010, China; 2.Institute of Animal and Veterinary Sciences of Liangshan Prefecture, Xichang 615042, China; 3.Hulunber Grassland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China |
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| Abstract: | The origin and spread of alfalfa has not only a taxonomic dimension, but also a historical one. Awareness of alfalfa’s origins is important background knowledge in the field of forage science and history, and also an important research topic in agronomy and agricultural history. Alfalfa, has been cultivated since ancient times, and its origin and transmission has attracted much attention. Iran has been widely recognized as a geographical center for alfalfa. There are two different origins of alfalfa: one is the modern European alfalfa from the Outer Caucasus mountain area; the other is the Central Asia. This latter area is steeped in history, and like the Caucusus is very hot and dry in summer, but differs in being warm in winter. Carbonized alfalfa seeds found in archaeological sites in Iran prove that alfalfa is an ancient crop. About 8000 years ago, humans began to use alfalfa. Records of alfalfa from Turkey date back to 1300 BC, and alfalfa is mentioned in the teaching books of Babylonians in 700 BC. Like some other crops, alfalfa is also transmitted through maritime trade and military invasion. Alfalfa was the main feed of the ancient war horse. Around 490 BC, when the Persians invaded Greece, the seeds of alfalfa were also brought to Greece. The date of alfalfa introduction to Italy is uncertain, probably in 200 BC. At the same time that alfalfa was introduced into Italy, Zhang Qian, the messenger sent to the western world by Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty in 126 BC, brought alfalfa seeds to China. By 1550, alfalfa use had expanded from Spain to France; by 1565 to Belgium and Holland; by1650 to Britain, about 1750 to Germany and Austria, 1770 to Sweden, and in the eighteenth Century to Russia. Then in 1800 alfalfa was taken to New Zealand from Europe, and in 1806 to Australia. Alfalfa was introduced to Peru in 1535. By the eighteenth Century, alfalfa had been introduced into Argentina, and from Peru to Chile. Alfalfa was introduced into the United States from Mexico in 1736. |
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| Keywords: | alfalfa origin spread alfalfa history |
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