Some hydrological parameters for the design and operation of small earthen dams in lower Shiwaliks of northern India |
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| Institution: | 1. Institute of Desertification Studies, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China;2. CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia 4067, Australia;3. Institute for Sustainable Agro-ecosystem Services, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan |
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| Abstract: | Construction of a series of small water harvesting structures (WHS) in the form of earthen dams, across the seasonal streams for managing runoff during the monsoon season, could improve the water availability in the lower Shiwaliks of northern India. However, the hydrological parameters needed for planning, design and operation of such structures were generally lacking. An effort has been made through this study to generate the needed information. Three water harvesting structures (core-wall type of earthen dams) having catchment areas of 77.2, 6.6 and 17.3 ha, were constructed: one at village Ballowal Sounkhri and Takarla each in district of Nawanshehr and one at Karoran in district of Ropar in Punjab in 1983–1984. The study showed that 73%, 77% and 85% of the total summer monsoon rains could produce runoff with runoff coefficients of 0.22 ± 0.03, 0.37 ± 0.04 and 0.35 ± 0.05, at the respective sites. On an average 1211, 2712 and 2769 m3 of water was harvested per hectare in the structures. From the harvested water 79%, 78% and 46% was lost through evaporation and seepage. The major mode of the water loss was seepage which varied from 61% to 86% at these sites. The water harvesting structures lost their gross storage capacity by 1.30%, 1.08% and 1.16% per year with siltation rate of 31, 37 and 47 t/ha of catchment area at Ballowal Sounkhri, Takarla and Karoran, respectively. The ratio of command to catchment area, for providing one irrigation was 0.51, 1.4 and 2.9 at the respective sites. Analysis of the rainfall-evaporation data have shown that pre-sowing irrigation (if required) or a single supplemental irrigation should be provided between October and December during the Rabi season. During that period, the moisture deficit as well as the probability of expecting at least one dry spell of 25 days duration are high. Additional irrigations at a later stage are not advised as the productivity of the water becomes low. Because of high variability in the hydrological parameters of the area in both time and space, some more longterm, location specific studies of these parameters are suggested. |
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