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A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems |
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| Authors: | Halpern Benjamin S Walbridge Shaun Selkoe Kimberly A Kappel Carrie V Micheli Fiorenza D'Agrosa Caterina Bruno John F Casey Kenneth S Ebert Colin Fox Helen E Fujita Rod Heinemann Dennis Lenihan Hunter S Madin Elizabeth M P Perry Matthew T Selig Elizabeth R Spalding Mark Steneck Robert Watson Reg |
| Institution: | National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, 735 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA. halpern@nceas.ucsb.edu |
| Abstract: | The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research. |
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