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Reclaimed wastewater: Effects on citrus nutrition |
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| Authors: | BFF Pereira ZL HePJ Stoffella AJ Melfi |
| Institution: | a Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Av. Gen. Octávio Jordão Ramos, 3000, 69077-000, Minicampus - Coroado, Setor Sul - Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Bloco J, sala 7, Manaus, AM, Brazil b Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida (UF), 2199 S. Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA c Núcleo de Pesquisa em Geoquímica e Geofísica da Litosfera (NUPEGEL), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), P.O. Box 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil |
| Abstract: | The effects of irrigation with reclaimed wastewater (RWW) were compared with well water (WW) on citrus (Citrus paradisi Macfad. X Citrus aurantium L.) nutrition. The deviation from the optimum percentage (DOP) index of macro- and micro-nutrients were used to evaluate the nutritional status: optimal (DOP = 0), deficiency (DOP < 0) or excess (DOP > 0). After 11 years of RWW irrigation the influence on nutrient concentration in plants decreased in the order: B > Zn > Mn = Ca > Cu > Mg > P > K. Reclaimed wastewater irritation positively affected citrus nutrition as it rendered the concentration of macro-nutrients, i.e. P, Ca, and K. closer to their optimum levels (ΣDOPmacro = 7). However micro-nutrients tended to be excessive in plants (ΣDOPmicro = 753) due to imbalanced supply of these elements in the RWW, particularly, for B and Cu. Citrus groves with long-term RWW irrigation may exercised caution in monitoring concentrations of B and Cu to avoid plant toxicity and soil quality degradation. |
| Keywords: | Citrus paradisi Macro-nutrients Micro-nutrients Plant nutrition Wastewater irrigation Water reuse |
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