Comparison of noninvasive cardiac output measurements by transthoracic bioimpedance, partial carbon dioxide rebreathing, and transesophageal echocardiography with the thermodilution technique in beagle dogs |
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| Authors: | K Yamashita R Igarashi T Kushiro Y Ueyama K Miyoshi MA Umar WW Muir |
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| Institution: | Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. |
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| Abstract: | Most methods for determining cardiac output (CO) have limited application in clinical practice due to the invasive techniques required. This study compared the thermodilution technique (TDCO) with three noninvasive methods for determining CO in anesthetized dogs: transthoracic bioimpedance (BICO), partial CO2 rebreathing (NICO), and transesophageal echocardiography (TEECO). TDCO was compared to BICO, NICO, and TEECO in six adult sevoflurane anesthetized beagle dogs (9.1–13.0 kg). All dogs were administered midazolam 0.3 mg kg?1, intravenously (IV)] and butorphanol (0.1 mg kg?1 IV), followed by ketamine (5.0 mg kg–1 IV) and sevoflurane in nitrous oxide (1 L minute–1) and oxygen (1 L minute–1) and mechanically ventilated. Dogs were maintained at 2.2% end‐tidal sevoflurane (ETsev) concentration for instrumentation and baseline measurements. Low (5.0% ETsev), intermediate (3.3% ETsev), and high cardiac output values were achieved by varying the end‐tidal sevoflurane concentration and the administration of dobutamine (3–10 g kg–1 minute–1 and 2.2% ETsev). A minimum of thirty data sets was obtained for each comparison. The correlation coefficients when compared to TDCO were 0.684 for BICO (p < 0.0001), 0.883 for NICO (p < 0.0001), and 0.991 for TEECO (p < 0.0001). Cardiac output values ranged 50–444 mL kg–1 minute–1 for TDCO, 100–253 mL kg–1 minute–1 for BICO, 64–214 mL kg–1 minute–1 for NICO, and 52–401 mL kg–1 minute–1 for TEECO. The differences when compared to TDCO ranged – 62–235 mL kg?1minute?1 for BICO, 18–220 mL kg?1 minute?1 for NICO, and – 35–32 mL kg–1 minute–1 for TEECO. Differences were maximum at the highest CO in BICO and NICO. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that BICO and NICO underestimate CO in sevoflurane anesthetized dogs. TEECO is a viable noninvasive method for determining CO in sevoflurane anesthetized dogs. |
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