| 以大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料应用为例谈 改变鱼类营养和饲料研究范式 |
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| 引用本文： | 王岩.以大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料应用为例谈 改变鱼类营养和饲料研究范式[J].水产学报,2024,48(4). |
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| 作者姓名： | 王岩 |
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| 作者单位： | 浙江大学海洋学院 |
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| 摘 要： | 鱼类营养和饲料研究始于70年前并借鉴陆生动物营养研究经验形成了研究范式。在过去70年中，鱼类营养和饲料研究取得了大量的成果，这些研究成果推动了水产配合饲料技术的进步，为水产饲料产业从无到有、从小到大做出了贡献。然而，随着全球水产养殖规模的不断扩大，水产养殖发展面临的资源和环境压力日益增加，对水产饲料也提出了更高的要求。事实表明，根据一些鱼类营养和饲料研究成果所配方的饲料在养殖生产实践中往往不能取得预期的应用效果，这意味着在已有范式下取得的研究成果有时难以很好地满足现代鱼类养殖产业的需要。本文叙述了具有重要经济价值的两种肉食性鱼类大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料研发与应用的历程，指出对饲料蛋白需求的低估是限制配合饲料长期未能在大口黑鲈和大黄鱼养殖生产中应用的主要原因。早期研究报道大口黑鲈的饲料蛋白需求为400-440 g/kg，大黄鱼的饲料蛋白需求为450-470 g/kg。经过重新评估后将大口黑鲈和大黄鱼的最适饲料蛋白水平分别提高到480-510 g/kg和490-520 g/kg。在适宜的饲料蛋白水平下，投喂配合饲料的大口黑鲈和大黄鱼生长与投喂冰鲜鱼时相当。作者认为对饲料蛋白需求的低估与已有鱼类营养和饲料研究范式存在的不足有关，其表现为：（1）强调食物对鱼类生长的作用，但忽视了实验鱼遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对生长和摄食的影响；（2）强调鱼类个体生长对评价营养需求和饲料质量的重要性，但忽视了鱼类个体生长差异并不能完全反映养殖产量和效益的事实；（3）强调生长和饲料利用效率作为鱼类营养和饲料研究评价指标的重要性，但忽视了养殖对环境和自然资源的负面影响是限制水产养殖产业可持续发展的瓶颈；（4）没有足够重视基础饲料配方在评价营养需求或饲料质量方面的影响，一些研究因基础饲料组成不当而产生没有实际意义的评价结果。针对上述问题，作者建议从概念、理论和研究方法方面对已有的范式做如下修改：（1）重视鱼类遗传背景和食物以外的环境条件对鱼类生长的影响，明确鱼类营养需求取决于其生长需求；（2）重视食物中各种营养素之间的相互作用，明确不同饲料原料在实现配方的营养平衡方面发挥着不同的作用；（3）重视对实验鱼种质和种群结构的选择，重视对照组和处理组个体生长差异的幅度对判断饲料处理效应的指示作用，重视饲料配方对渔业资源和环境等水产养殖可持续发展相关的内容的影响。经过修改后的研究范式更符合养殖生产实际，在此基础上开展研究所获得的成果也能够更好地指导配合饲料生产，为鱼类养殖产业的可持续发展提供更好的科技支撑。
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| 关 键 词： | 范式 营养需求 饲料鱼粉替代 配合饲料 鱼类生长 可持续水产养殖 |
| 收稿时间： | 2022/12/6 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2023/7/12 0:00:00 |
The frustration of formulated feed application in largemouth bass and large yellow croaker farming reveal the necessity of paradigm shift of fish nutrition and feed research |
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| Institution: | Ocean College,Zhejiang University |
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| Abstract: | Seventy years ago, the researches of fish nutrient and feed started and established their paradigm on basis of the paradigm of the researches on terrestrial animal nutrition and feed. In past seven decades, a great amount of data was generated and accumulated in the researches of fish nutrient and feed conducted under the paradigm, and application of these data promoted the development of technology and industry of aqua-feed production. However, aquaculture farming practices always arise ever-growing demand or standard to aqua-feed industry because the pressures of natural resource depletion and environmental pollution increased with the fast expansion of aquaculture industry in the world. Unfortunately, more and more facts indicate that formulated feed designed for some fish species on basis of the researches of fish nutrition and feed cannot be used in commercial farming practices of the fishes with the expected efficacy. These facts reveal that results of these fish nutrition and feed researches conducted under the current paradigm could not meet the demand of modern finfish aquaculture industry. In this paper, the author reviewed the researches about nutrient requirements and dietary fish meal replacement for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides and large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea, two carnivorous fish species commercially important for aquaculture in the world and China. The application of formulated feed in commercial farming of largemouth bass and large yellow croaker is full of twists and turns, and the fishes had to be fed with raw fish diet for a long period due to the fish fed with raw fish diet displayed faster growth relative to those of the fish fed with formulated feed. The poor growth of largemouth bass and large yellow croaker fed with formulated feed are attributed to obviously underestimated dietary protein levels. After reassessment of protein requirement, the optimal protein level was elevated from 400-440 g/kg to 480-510 g/kg in largemouth bass diet and 450-470 g/kg to 490-520 g/kg in large yellow croaker diet. Growth of largemouth bass and large yellow croaker fed with the formulated feed containing optimal protein content are comparable to that of the fishes fed with raw fish diet. The author indicates that the disadvantages in the current paradigm for fish nutrient and feed research include: (1) The current paradigm emphasizes the role of food in regulating fish growth, but ignores the importance of genetics background of the test fish and environmental conditions except food in determining growth and food intake. (2) The current paradigm emphasizes individual growth of the test fish in evaluating nutrient requirements and feed quality, but ignores the fact that the difference in individual growth of the fish cannot completely reflect the differences in yield and economic income of commercial fish farming. (3) The current paradigms emphasizes the importance of growth and feed utilization efficiency as indicator in fish nutrition and feed research, but ignores that the negative impacts of fed aquaculture on environment and natural resources are the bottle-neck limiting sustainability of aquaculture industry. (4) The current paradigm ignores the role of basal diet formula in evaluating nutrient requirement and feed quality, and the misapplication of unreasonable basal diet resulted in senseless or erroneous conclusion in some research. To diminish the disadvantages, the author proposed to shift the current paradigm as: (1) In concept and theory, emphasizing the importance of genetics background of the test fish and environmental conditions except food in determining growth and food intake, and emphasizing that fish growth determine nutrient requirement, while dietary nutrients modulating fish growth. Moreover, emphasizing the role of different feed ingredients in nutrient balance of diet formula. (2) In investigation method, emphasizing the importance of genetics background and population structure of the test fish used in feeding trials, and emphasizing the magnitude of individual growth as an indicator for assessing nutrient requirement and feed quality. On the other hand, emphasizing the impacts of dietary nutrient supplementation and feed quality on sustainability, such as environment friendship, fishery resource protection, and ecosystem services. The shifted or improved paradigm for fish nutrition and feed research is better in accord with the situation of commercial fish farming, and results of the research conducted under the shifted paradigm are more reliable and accurate for designing and producing quality formulated fish feed. The application of quality formulated feed can benefit to improve sustainability of commercial fish farming practices. |
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| Keywords: | paradigm nutrient requirement dietary fish meal replacement formulated feed fish growth sustainable aquaculture |
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