Detection of contagious ovine ecthyma (orf) and risk factors for infection in small ruminants in Iran |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, 14155–6453 Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, 5166616471 Tabriz, Iran;1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Sanandaj Branch Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran;2. Department of Pathobiology, Sanandaj Branch Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran;1. Departament of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, sn, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;2. Department of Forestry Science, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros, sn, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171-900, Pernambuco, Brazil;1. Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;2. Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Animal Hygiene, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany;1. Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Nainital District, Mukteswar 263 138, Uttarakhand, India;2. Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD-ADMAS), Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India;3. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bangalore Campus, Hebbal, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, India;1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran;2. Department of Aquatic Animal Health and Diseases, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran;3. Center of Biotechnology and Biology Research, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran;4. Iranian Veterinary Organization, Food Laboratory, Tehran, Iran;5. Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore 21202, USA;6. Qiagen-Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark |
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| Abstract: | The primary cause of contagious ecthyma is the orf virus, the parapoxvirus prototype. It is a viral problem observed in goat and sheep flocks in Iran, causing economic loss. Orf is a zoonosis with little epidemiological investigation present in Iran. The current research aims at determining the status of this virus, and a PCR was used as a confirmatory instrument. We sampled 668 goats and sheep and various breeding systems. Besides, the orf prevalence was studied, and vaccination efficacy was determined. Moreover, the potential risk factors surveyed for infection with ecthyma were identified. Samples were taken from goat and sheep flocks in the present cross-sectional research, and PCR was used for testing orf DNA. A checklist including animals’ general information was completed. Data were analyzed using univariate tests (chi-square and t-tests) and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. Three hundred one (45%) goats and sheep detected orf DNA. The age of 70% of positive cases was below one month. Ecthyma infection was significantly higher in imported breeds (87.3%) than indigenous (39.3%). Ninety-six percent of infected goats and sheep in the present work were not vaccinated against ecthyma. The high prevalence of the orf virus was confirmed among goat and sheep flocks in Iran. It is necessary to train ranchers regarding sanitary actions, quarantine, and application of orf vaccination plans. |
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| Keywords: | Parapoxvirus Sheep Goat Orf |
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