A non-invasive crop ideotype to reduce invasive potential |
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| Authors: | N O Anderson N Gomez S M Galatowitsch |
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| Institution: | (1) Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, 305 Alderman Hall, 1970 Folwell Avenue, St. Paul, MN, USA |
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| Abstract: | Summary In plant breeding programs, qualitative and quantitative traits confer market value and, thus, constitute the basis for developing
breeding criteria during crop domestication. Some traits such as high male/female fertility are advantageous in the wild and
could enable the evolution of cultivated crops into invasive weeds. Other traits, e.g. sterility, are not expected to confer
invasiveness. To date there has been very limited involvement in invasion risk assessment by plant breeders. Thus, in this
paper we propose that trait-based selection of potential crop species be coupled with species design in the creation of a “non-invasive
crop ideotype” as an avenue to reduce invasiveness during domestication. The non-invasive crop ideotype embodies the ideal
characteristics for a crop to excel in cultivated environment(s) but minimizes the likelihood it will establish and spread
in non-cultivated environments, constituting the underlying foundation for all breeding objectives, choice(s) of breeding
methodologies, and propagation techniques for non-invasive crop release. Using ornamental (floriculture) horticultural crops
as an example, we identify 10 traits to be used individually or in combination to reduce invasiveness while retaining commercial
value: reduced genetic variation in propagules, slowed growth rates, non-flowering, elimination of asexual propagules, lack
of pollinator rewards, non-shattering seed, non-fleshy fruits, lack of seed germination, sterility, and programmed death (apotopsis).
A non-invasive crop ideotype would constitute the underlying foundation for all breeding objectives, the choice(s) of breeding
methodologies, and propagation technique(s). The ideotype should be flexible and should adjust to species- and crop-specific
traits to account for the intended use. For example, development of sterile cultivars may have negligible effects in reducing
invasiveness if the crops spread vegetatively. A non-invasive crop ideotype may increase the direct participation of plant
breeders, who are the professionals directly involved in the collection, development and release of new crops, in reducing
the invasive potential of ornamental crops. Future research is required to determine the feasibility of incorporating each
trait into various crops, use of classical or molecular techniques for creation of non-invasive crops, trait stability (lack
of genotype × environment interaction over years and locations), consumer acceptance, and long-term viability. |
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| Keywords: | crop domestication floriculture crops invasive species ornamentals plant breeding |
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