Change in T4-type bacteriophage communities during the composting process of rice straw: Estimation from the major capsid gene (g23) sequences |
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| Authors: | Vita Ratri CAHYANI Jun MURASE Susumu ASAKAWA Makoto KIMURA |
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| Institution: | Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan;and Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia |
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| Abstract: | The present study examined T4-type phage communities in rice straw (RS) under the composting process by analyzing the composition of the major capsid gene ( g23 ) of T4-type bacteriophages. The g23 clones were obtained from RS throughout the composting process from RS materials to composting RS in the curing stage (for 124 days). Most of the g23 clones were phylogenetically closely related to those in rice field soils and rice field floodwaters, and Paddy Groups II and III appeared to characterize the g23 genes in the composting RS. The diversity of g23 genes in the composting RS was highest in the RS material (day 0 after the onset of composting) and in the early thermophilic stage (day 7), and decreased markedly in the middle and curing stages. This change was in contrast to that of the bacterial community, which showed higher diversity in the middle and curing stages. There was no specific clone that characterized any stage during the composting process. These findings indicate that the phage community is not the major controlling agent in determining eubacterial succession and that the thermophilic stage in the composting process efficiently annihilated T4-type phages in the composting pile. |
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| Keywords: | bacteriophage community denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis g23 gene rice straw compost T4-type phage |
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