| 规模奶牛养殖室外运动场春季温室气体与氨气排放特性 |
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| 引用本文： | 刘羽,刘婕,王朝元,施正香,李保明.规模奶牛养殖室外运动场春季温室气体与氨气排放特性[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(22):178-184. |
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| 作者姓名： | 刘羽 刘婕 王朝元 施正香 李保明 |
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| 作者单位： | 1.中国农业大学水利与土木工程学院，北京 100083; 2. 农业农村部设施农业工程重点实验室，北京 100083;,4. 山东省烟台市海阳招虎山省级自然保护区管理处，烟台265100;,1.中国农业大学水利与土木工程学院，北京 100083; 2. 农业农村部设施农业工程重点实验室，北京 100083; 3. 北京市畜禽健康养殖环境工程技术研究中心，北京 100083;,1.中国农业大学水利与土木工程学院，北京 100083; 2. 农业农村部设施农业工程重点实验室，北京 100083; 3. 北京市畜禽健康养殖环境工程技术研究中心，北京 100083;,1.中国农业大学水利与土木工程学院，北京 100083; 2. 农业农村部设施农业工程重点实验室，北京 100083; 3. 北京市畜禽健康养殖环境工程技术研究中心，北京 100083; |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金（31472132、31172244）、国家奶牛产业技术体系（CARS-36） |
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| 摘 要： | 舍外运动场是中国传统奶牛养殖场的组成部分,同时也是温室气体和氨气(NH_3)的重要排放源。由于开放式生产设施污染气体排放的监测难度大,目前中国还普遍缺少奶牛运动场温室气体和NH_3排放通量的直接监测数据。该试验采用梯度法对北京地区春季典型开放式奶牛运动场的甲烷(CH_4)、氧化亚氮(N_2O)、二氧化碳(CO_2)等温室气体和NH_3浓度及其排放通量进行了监测分析,讨论了排放特征和关键影响因素,为获取中国北方地区奶牛运动场温室气体和NH_3的排放通量提供了基础数据支撑。测试运动场饲养了52头荷斯坦奶牛,年均单产约8 t,头均占地面积为20.77 m~2。结果表明,该奶牛运动场春季CH_4、N_2O和CO_2的排放通量为155.59、3.60和4 869.37 mg/(m~2·h),分别占温室气体排放总量的42.79%、9.37%和47.83%;NH_3的排放通量为66.27 mg/(m~2·h);排放峰值一般出现在运动场清粪之后。环境温度与CH_4、N_2O和NH_3排放量呈显著的正相关关系(P0.05),同时风速在一定范围内会促进CH_4、N_2O和NH_3的排放。奶牛场清粪活动不仅会加快污染气体的排放通量,还会影响温度和风速对气体排放通量的作用效果。
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| 关 键 词： | 温室气体 氨气 排放控制 奶牛运动场 梯度法 |
| 收稿时间： | 2018/5/29 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2018/9/29 0:00:00 |
Emission characteristic of greenhouse gases and ammonia from open lot of scale dairy farm in spring |
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| Liu Yu,Liu Jie,Wang Chaoyuan,Shi Zhengxiang and Li Baoming.Emission characteristic of greenhouse gases and ammonia from open lot of scale dairy farm in spring[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2018,34(22):178-184. |
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| Authors: | Liu Yu Liu Jie Wang Chaoyuan Shi Zhengxiang and Li Baoming |
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| Institution: | 1. College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China;,4.Shandong Yantai Haiyang Zhaohushan Provincial Nature Reserve Management Office, Yantai 265100, China;,1. College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China; 3. Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing 100083, China;,1. College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China; 3. Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing 100083, China; and 1. College of Water Resources and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China; 3. Beijing Engineering Research Center on Animal Healthy Environment, Beijing 100083, China; |
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| Abstract: | Climate change is currently a global concern, which is mainly caused by excessive emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, in particular the emission of CH4, N2O and CO2 from agricultural production process. Greenhouse gas produced from manure management in livestock and poultry production is an important source of greenhouse gas emission. Besides, fermentation process of animal manure may generate large amount of NH3, which is considered as an important contaminant gas to the environmental and ecological system. Among agricultural sector, dairy farm is a big source of greenhouse gas and NH3 emission. In China, a barn with a fully open lot, where the cows are freely accessible, is a typical operation for dairy cattle. Manure on the surface of the open lots is typically removed from days to weeks depending the climate and management in the farms, while the remained manure, liquid penetration and the cows on the lot are important sources of contaminated gas emissions. However, there are few field studies on the emissions from the lot because of its open characterization, relative low gas concentration and the potential impact on the daily management of the farms. In this paper, an integrated horizontal flux method, based on the mass balance principle, was used to calculate the emission fluxes of CH4, N2O, CO2 and NH3 from a typical dairy open lot in Beijing in spring season by continuous measurement of their concentrations with the purpose to provide fundamental information on the emissions. As the emission source, the open lot, which was 40 m in length by 27 m in width and kept with 52 milking cows, was divided into upwind boundary and downwind boundary according to the dominating wind directions. The emission rate was calculated based on the concentration differences of the target gases continuously measured from the upwind and downwind boundaries at three different heights of 1, 2 and 3 m by a photoacoustic field gas-monitor (INNOVA 1412i) and self-developed multiplexer. The results showed the overall emission rates of CH4, N2O, CO2 and NH3 from the dairy open lot were 155.59, 3.60, 4 869.37 and 66.27 mg/(m2·h) during the field measurement, respectively. The emissions of all the gases reached their daily peaks after manure removal in late afternoon. The emissions of CH4, N2O and CO2(based on CO2 equivalents) of the open lot accounted for 42.79%, 9.37% and 47.83% of the total greenhouse gases emissions, respectively; and their proportions were related to the climate, manure management strategies of the lot, and feed in gredients as well. Additionally, CH4, N2O and NH3 emission rates were significantly and positively affected by ambient temperature (P<0.05). CH4, N2O and NH3 emission rates could also be enhanced by wind speed within some limits. When the surface wind speed was around 5.16 m/s, which was measured on the point 1 m above the ground, the emissions of the three gases were significantly differed from those under 4.05 and 4.75 m/s (P<0.05). While, when the wind speed was at 18.85 m/s, the emission rates were decreased, which could be explained by the crust formed on the manure surface due to the drying process under much higher wind speed and its prevention on the emissions. Besides, manure removal activity increased the emissions of gases, and the impacts of ambient temperature and wind speed on the gas emission may also be altered to some extent. |
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| Keywords: | greenhouse gases ammonia emission control dairy open lot integrated horizontal flux method |
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