| 不同轮作和氮肥分配季节下土壤氮素供应和油菜氮素吸收差异 |
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| 引用本文： | 卜容燕,任涛,廖世鹏,李小坤,丛日环,张洋洋,鲁剑巍.不同轮作和氮肥分配季节下土壤氮素供应和油菜氮素吸收差异[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2019,25(3):412-420. |
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| 作者姓名： | 卜容燕 任涛 廖世鹏 李小坤 丛日环 张洋洋 鲁剑巍 |
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| 作者单位： | 华中农业大学资源与环境学院/华中农业大学微量元素研究中心，湖北武汉 430070 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家重点研发计划（2017YFD0200108）；国家“油菜产业技术体系”养分管理与面源污染治理岗位（CARS-12）资助。 |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】土壤氮素供应受到土地利用方式影响，明确土壤氮素供应特性是合理施肥的基础。研究不同轮作方式下油菜季土壤氮素供应特征和油菜氮素吸收规律，可以为油菜氮肥施用提供科学依据。【方法】本试验为同田对比田间试验，采用裂区试验设计，主处理为两种轮作方式，即水旱轮作 (水稻?油菜轮作) 和旱地轮作 (棉花稻?油菜轮作)；副处理为氮肥 (N 150 kg/hm2) 施用季节。每种轮作方式下设3个氮肥施用季节处理，分别为:1) 两季均不施氮肥(N0-0)；2) 水稻/棉花季施氮，油菜当季不施氮(N150-0)；3) 水稻/棉花季不施氮，油菜当季施氮(N0-150)。通过原位矿化培养方法测定油菜不同生育期土壤氮素净矿化量，同时测定油菜在不同生育期内氮素吸收量。【结果】与两季均不施氮相比，油菜季施氮，稻油轮作下土壤氮净矿化累积量显著增加101.2 kg/hm2，油菜氮素吸收增加76.8 kg/hm2；棉油轮作条件下，土壤氮净矿化累积量显著增加了110.0 kg/hm2，油菜氮素吸收增加96.2 kg/hm2。从分配比例上分析，在油菜苗期—薹期，稻油轮作土壤氮素净矿化量占累计矿化量的52.3%，棉油轮作为64.5%，棉油轮作高于稻油轮作；然而在油菜花期—成熟期，稻油轮作土壤氮素净矿化量高于棉油轮作。与土壤氮素净矿化相一致，在油菜苗期—薹期，棉油轮作油菜氮素吸收量比稻油轮作高37.1 kg/hm2，棉油轮作有利于油菜前期氮素吸收；而油菜生长后期稻油轮作比棉油轮作多吸收氮素18.2 kg/hm2。稻油轮作有利于油菜后期氮素吸收。【结论】棉油轮作条件下，残留棉花叶片养分释放快，有利于油菜生长前期 (苗期—薹期) 土壤氮素供应；而稻油轮作条件下，残留水稻根茬养分释放慢则有利于油菜生长后期 (花期—成熟期) 土壤氮素供应。因此棉油轮作有利于油菜前期生长，稻油轮作有利于油菜后期生长。稻油轮作条件下在油菜生长前期可适量增加氮肥供应，后期降低氮肥供应；棉油轮作下在油菜生长前期适量降低氮肥供应，后期增加氮肥供应。
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| 关 键 词： | 轮作 土壤氮素矿化 氮素吸收 油菜 |
| 收稿时间： | 2018-03-15 |
Difference of soil nitrogen supply and rapeseed nitrogen uptake under different rotation systems and seasonal distribution of nitrogen fertilizer |
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| Rong-yan BU,Tao REN,Shi-peng LIAO,Xiao-kun LI,Ri-huan CONG,Yang-yang ZHANG,Jian-wei LU.Difference of soil nitrogen supply and rapeseed nitrogen uptake under different rotation systems and seasonal distribution of nitrogen fertilizer[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2019,25(3):412-420. |
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| Authors: | Rong-yan BU Tao REN Shi-peng LIAO Xiao-kun LI Ri-huan CONG Yang-yang ZHANG Jian-wei LU |
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| Institution: | College of Resources and Environment/Microelement Research Center of Huazhong Agricultural University, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China |
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| Abstract: | 【Objectives】Rapeseed production efficiency heavily relies on reasonable nitrogen (N) supply. The objective was to unravel the soil N turnover and rapeseed N uptake in two common rotation systems, which would provide guidance for the N fertilizer management.【Methods】A split plot experiment was conducted at the Experiment Farm in Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China. The main treatments were composed of two rotation systems, that was rice–rapeseed rotation (RR) and cotton–rapeseed rotation (CR). The sub-treatments were the application season of nitrogen fertilizers, included: 1) no nitrogen application in both seasons(N0-0); 2) N 150 kg/hm2 only in rice or cotton(N150-0); 3) N 150 kg/hm2 only in rapeseed season(N0-150). The net soil nitrogen mineralization amount in different growing stages of rapeseed were measured using in situ mineralization culture method, and the N uptake in the corresponding stages of rapeseed were measured at the same time.【Results】The capacity of soil N supply and the total N uptake of rapeseed were considerably enhanced by N fertilizer application. Compared to zero N fertilizer input, the net soil N mineralization accumulations were increased by 101.2 kg/hm2 in RR and 110.0 kg/hm2 in CR, respectively, and rapeseed N uptake were increased by 76.8 kg/hm2 in RR and 96.2 kg/hm2 in CR, respectively, when N 150 kg/hm2 was applied only in rapeseed season. From the distribution proportion, the net soil N mineralization during rapeseed growth period (seeding?stem-elongation period) in CR was more than that in RR, which accounted for 64.5% and 52.3%, respectively; while this tendency was inverted in the late growth stage of rapeseed (flowering?maturity period). The trend of rapeseed N uptake was similar to the net soil N mineralization. The rapeseed N uptake in CR was 37.1 kg/hm2 more than that in RR during rapeseed growth period (seeding?stem-elongation period), while 18.2 kg/hm2 less than that in RR during the late growth stage of rapeseed (flowering?maturity period), suggesting CR is conducive for rapeseed N uptake in early stages while RR is beneficial to the rapeseed N uptake in late season.【Conclusions】In the cotton?rapeseed rotation system, the rapid release of nutrients from the residual cotton leaves is beneficial to the N supply in the early growth stage of rapeseed; while in the rice?rapeseed rotation, the slow release of nutrients from rice root residues is beneficial to the N supply in the late growing stage of rapeseed. Thus the N fertilizer should be more applied on the early growing stages of rapeseed in the rice?rapeseed rotation, and in the late stages of rapeseed in the cotton-rapeseed rotation. |
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