Transfer of the Kosena Rfk1 gene,required in hybrid seed production,from oilseed rape to turnip rape |
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| Authors: | Tarja Niemelä Mervi Seppänen Lauri Jauhiainen Unto Tulisalo |
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| Institution: | (1) Pulses and Oilseeds, South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), GPO Box 397, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia;(2) Pulse Germplasm Enhancement, Pulse Breeding Australia (PBA), South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), GPO Box 397, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia;(3) School of Agriculture Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia |
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| Abstract: | Radiant frost is a major abiotic stress, and one of the principal limiting factors for agricultural production worldwide,
including Australia. Legumes, including field pea, faba bean, lentil and chickpea, are very sensitive to chilling and freezing
temperatures, particularly at the flowering, early pod formation and seed filling stages. Radiant frost events occur when
plants and soil absorb the sunlight during the day time and radiate heat during the night when the sky is clear and the air
is still. Dense chilled air settles into the lowest areas of the canopy, where the most serious frost damage occurs. The cold
air causes nucleation of the intracellular fluid in plant tissues and the subsequent rupturing of the plasma membrane. Among
the cool season grain legume crops, chickpea, lentil and faba bean and field pea are the most susceptible to radiant frost
injury during the reproductive stages. The more sensitive stages are flowering and podding. Frost at the reproductive stage
results in flower abortion, poor pod set and impaired pod filling, leading to a drastic reduction in yield and quality. In
contrast, in the UK and European countries, frost stress is related to the vegetative stages and, in particular, the effects
of frost have been studied on cotyledon, uni/tri-foliolate leaf and seedling stages during the first few weeks of growth.
Few winter genotypes have been identified as frost tolerant at vegetative stages. Vegetative frost tolerance is not related
to reproductive frost tolerance, and hybrids from the vegetative frost-tolerant genotypes may not necessarily be tolerant
at the reproductive stage. Tolerance to radiant frost has an inverse relationship with plant age. In the field, frost tolerance
decreases from the vegetative stage to reproductive stage. Unlike wheat and barley, it is difficult to analyse and score frost
damage in grain legume crops due to the presence of various phenophases on one plant at the reproductive stage. The extent
of frost damage depends on the specific phenophases on a particular plant. However, current studies on genetic transformation
of cold tolerant gene(s), membrane modifications, anti-freeze substances and ice nucleating or inhibiting agents provide useful
information to improve our current understanding on frost damage and related mechanisms. The effects of frost damage on yield
and grain quality illustrate the significance of this area of research. This review discusses the problem of radiant frost
damage to cool season legumes in Australia and the associated research that has been carried out to combat this problem locally
and worldwide. The available literature varies between species, specific climatic conditions and origin. |
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