The economic benefits and costs of trees in urban forest stewardship: A systematic review |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Architecture, National University of Singapore, 117566, Singapore;2. ETH Zurich, Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #06-01, 138602, Singapore;1. USDA Forest Service, Philadelphia Field Station, 100 N. 20th St., Philadelphia, PA 19103, United States;2. Fairmount Park Conservancy, 1617 John F. Kennedy Blvd., Suite 1670, Philadelphia, PA 19103, United States;3. Canopy, 3921 E. Bayshore Rd., Palo Alto, CA 94303, United States;4. Apple Inc., 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, CA 95014, United States;5. University City Green, 4613 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19143, United States;1. Croatian Forest Research Institute, Department for International Scientific Cooperation in Southeast Europe ? EFISEE, Perkov?eva 5/II, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;2. University of Florence, Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems (GESAAF), Via S. Bonaventura 13, 50145 Florence, Italy;3. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Forestry Policy and Resources Division, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy;4. Slovenian Forestry Institute, Department of Forest Ecology, Ve?na pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;1. School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, PO Box 110410, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;2. College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 800 Reserve Street, Stevens Point, WI 54481, USA;1. School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand;2. Department of Landscape Architecture, Planning and Management, Faculty of Landscape Planning, Horticulture and Agricultural Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden;3. Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;4. College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States;5. Department of Geography, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong |
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| Abstract: | Understanding the benefits provided by urban trees is important to justify investment and improve stewardship. Many studies have attempted to quantify the benefits of trees in monetary terms, though fewer have quantified the associated costs of planting and maintaining them. This systematic review examines the methods used to jointly analyse the costs and benefits of trees in the urban landscape, assesses the relative balance of benefits and costs, and attempts to understand the wide variation in economic values assigned in different studies. The benefits most frequently studied are those related to environmental regulation and property values, and the available data show that these usually outweigh the costs. Aesthetic, amenity, and shading benefits have also been shown to provide significant economic benefits, while benefits in terms of water regulation, carbon reduction and air quality are usually more modest. Variation in benefits and costs among studies is attributed largely to differences in the species composition and age structure of urban tree populations, though methodological differences also play a role. Comparison between studies is made difficult owing to differences in spatiotemporal scope, and in the way urban forest composition and demographic structure were reported. The overwhelming majority of studies concern deciduous trees in Northern America, and much less is known about urban forests in other regions, especially in the tropics. Future work should thus seek to fill these knowledge gaps, and standardise research protocols across cities. In light of ambitious goals in many cities to increase tree cover, ongoing advances in valuation methods need to provide a more comprehensive accounting of benefits and costs, and to better integrate economic assessment into the decision-making process. |
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| Keywords: | Benefit-cost analysis Cost-effectiveness Ecosystem service valuation Forest resource Street tree Urban tree |
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