The ossification of cartilages of the distal phalanx in the horse: An anatomical, experimental, radiographic and clinical study |
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| Authors: | F Verschooten B Van Waerebeek J Verbeeck |
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| Institution: | 1. Dept of Clinical Science and Services and Research Support Office, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Herts, UK;2. Genetics and Genomics Division, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush campus, Midlothian, UK;1. Department of Surgery and Anaesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;2. Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Biology of Large Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;1. Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Cordoba, Spain;2. Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;1. Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia;2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;3. School of Veterinary Medicine, Catholic University of Minas Gerais (PUC-MG), Poços de Caldas, MG, Brazil;4. Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr NW, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada |
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| Abstract: | This paper describes some anatomical findings relatedto ossification of the distal phalanx cartilages by anatomical and computerized tomographic sections. Radiographic findings of ossification were analyzed and correlated to age and breed. Ossification was found in 10% of warmblood horses and in 80% of draft horses and was much more severe in draft horses than in warmblood horses. The expansion of the hoof was measured in the laboratory in several feet of warmblood and draft horses and was found to be minimal with no differences whether ossification was present or not. Computerized tomography was performed on a foot of a slaughtered horse before and after up to 7000N loading in the laboratory in order to study the eventual changes of the cartilages and the hoof. These structures seemed quite unaffected by the load and expansion of the horny capsule was minimal. Minor expansion seems an inevitable structural behavior of the hoof and the classical hoof mechanism is questioned. The clinical significance of ossification in its relation to lameness was individually determined during clinical examination and by comparison of groups of horses with and without ossification with groups of horses with lameness from the foot and proximal to the foot. The severity of the ossification was related to the onset of lameness and no correlation was found. It is concluded that the clinical significance of ossification is almost nil. Ossification is not painful when developing and not thereafter. There is no correlation between navicular disease and ossification of the cartilages either. Orthopedic shoeing is of no significance at all. An unfavorable advice in purchase examinations in sporting horses due to cartilage ossification is not justified in the author's opinion. |
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