Analysis and modeling of spatial stand structures. Methodological considerations based on mixed beech-larch stands in Lower Saxony |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Natural Systems and Resources, School of Forest Engineering and Natural Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;2. INIA, Forest Research Center, Department of Forest Dynamics and Management, Madrid, Spain;3. iuFOR, Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute University of Valladolid and INIA, Spain;1. Department of Natural Systems and Resources. School of Forest Engineering and Natural Resources, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;2. Centro de Investigación Forestal, INIA, CSIC Ctra A Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain;3. iuFOR, Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute University of Valladolid and INIA, Spain;4. Swiss Federal Institute of Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;5. Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebačka 20, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;6. Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159/34, 02776 Warsaw, Poland;7. Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 83, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;8. National Forest Centre – Forest Research Institute Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 22, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia;9. Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 24, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia;10. Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Department of Life Science Systems, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany;11. Department of Ecology and Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture in Kraków, al. 29-listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków, Poland;12. Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Ambiente e Alimenti, Università degli Studi del Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy;13. Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Università 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy;14. Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;1. LERFoB, AgroParisTech, INRA, F-54000 Nancy, France;2. EcoSustain, Environmental Engineering Office, Research and Development, 31, Rue de Volmerange, 57330 Kanfen, France;3. Chair for Forest Growth and Yield Science, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany;4. Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden;5. Department of Silviculture and Forest Systems Management, INIA-CIFOR, Madrid, Spain;6. Sustainable Forest Management Research Institute, University of Valladolid, Spain;7. Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland;1. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies e.V., Berliner Strasse 130, 14467 Potsdam, Germany;2. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Atmospheric Environmental Research, Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany;3. Geography Department, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany |
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| Abstract: | The first part of this paper highlights spatial stand structure as the central stand characteristic and introduces methods of pattern identification. This involves two nearest-neighbour methods for the identification of stand structures, i.e., the aggregation index R by Clark and Evans Clark, Ph.J. and Evans, F.C., 1954. Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology 35 (4) 445–453.] for univariate patterns and the segregation index S by Pielou Pielou, E.C., 1977. Mathematical Ecology. Wiley.] for bivariate patterns. Both were used to describe the structure of 53 experimental plots of mixed beech-larch stands in Lower Saxony which provided the data base for this investigation. The second part of the study deals with the development of the STRUGEN stand structure generator, designed for the modeling and reproduction of spatial stand structures. To generate stand structures, a two-dimensional homogeneous Poisson process is used as well as a set of two-dimensional distribution functions which determine mixture type and intermingling intensity of main and associated tree species. Moreover, a distance function secures minimum distances between competing neighbouring trees. Consequently, the produced pattern is the result of a combination of an inhomogeneous Poisson process (for generating mixture units) and a hard-core process (for securing minimum distances between neighbours). The STRUGEN generator was designed and successfully used for the investigation of 53 mixed beech-larch stands. It provides initial values and stand structures for distance-dependent single-tree models from estimated qualitative stand characteristics. STRUGEN is a useful tool and allows initial, pragmatic steps towards fully utilising available qualitative and quantitative information to diagnose the state of a forest and to predict its growth. |
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