| 长期不同培肥措施下玉米产量稳定性及棕壤氮素累积分布特征 |
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| 引用本文： | 刘玉颖,戴健,杨劲峰,罗培宇,李娜,任彬彬,安宁,韩晓日.长期不同培肥措施下玉米产量稳定性及棕壤氮素累积分布特征[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2022,28(5):823-834. |
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| 作者姓名： | 刘玉颖 戴健 杨劲峰 罗培宇 李娜 任彬彬 安宁 韩晓日 |
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| 作者单位： | 沈阳农业大学土地与环境学院/农业农村部东北玉米营养与施肥科学观测实验站/土肥高效利用国家工程研究中心，辽宁沈阳 110866 |
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| 基金项目： | 辽宁省科技计划项目(2019-BS-213)；国家自然科学基金项目(31972511，31471940)。 |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】 研究长期不同培肥措施下玉米产量的稳定性、可持续性和土壤矿质氮累积分布、微生物量氮含量特征，为制定合理的施肥措施和保证东北棕壤地区农业的可持续绿色发展提供理论依据。 【方法】 棕壤肥料长期定位试验始于1979年。选取其中的12个处理:不施肥对照(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷肥配施(NP)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、低量有机肥(M1)及其与化肥配施(M1N、M1NP和M1NPK)、高量有机肥(M2)及其与化肥配施(M2N、M2NP和M2NPK)，分析长期施肥下玉米产量的变化，并于2018年在玉米收获期采集植株和土壤样品，阐明玉米地上部吸氮量变化，0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮分布、累积及微生物量氮含量的差异。 【结果】 长期不同施肥下玉米产量呈波动变化，且在1979—1998年内玉米产量变化趋势较平稳，1999—2018年内变幅较大。M1NPK、M2NPK处理玉米平均产量最高，在试验前20年较NPK处理分别提高了10.3%、11.7%，后20年分别提高了17.1%、19.4%。随着试验年限增加，玉米产量的稳定性和可持续性增加，有机肥配施化肥各处理高于单施化肥处理，在试验前20年和后20年玉米产量的可持续性指数(SYI)介于0.43～0.58和0.50～0.67，低量有机肥配施处理高于高量有机肥配施处理。配施有机肥各处理肥料贡献率高于单施化肥处理，且试验后20年M1NPK处理肥料贡献率最高，达54%。施肥40年后(2018年)玉米地上部吸氮量以M1NPK处理最高(302 kg/hm2)，与M2NPK处理差异不显著。配施低量有机肥玉米收获期80—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮含量较低，M1NPK处理 0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量为127 kg/hm2，显著低于M1N和M1NP处理。而高量有机肥配施各处理0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量较化肥试区和低量有机肥试区分别增加了324.5%和172.9%，增加了氮素损失风险。此外，长期配施有机肥处理0—40 cm土层土壤微生物量氮含量增加，但低量和高量有机肥试区各处理间差异不显著。 【结论】 长期不同培肥措施会影响玉米产量的稳定性和可持续性，改变土壤氮素分布和累积，进而影响玉米氮素吸收。低量有机肥(13.5 t/hm2)配施氮磷钾化肥可促进玉米生长和氮素吸收，降低0—100 cm土层土壤矿质氮贮量，降低氮素损失风险，增加微生物量氮含量，较高的微生物量氮又可作为有机氮库来增加土壤供氮并固持易损失的矿质氮和肥料氮，以保证玉米的高产稳产和环境友好。
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| 关 键 词： | 棕壤 有机无机配合 玉米产量稳定性 氮吸收 矿质氮 微生物量氮 |
| 收稿时间： | 2021-09-18 |
Yield stability of maize and characteristics of nitrogen distribution and accumulation in brown soil under different long-term fertilizations |
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| LIU Yu-ying,DAI Jian,YANG Jin-feng,LUO Pei-yu,LI Na,REN Bin-bin,AN Ning,HAN Xiao-ri.Yield stability of maize and characteristics of nitrogen distribution and accumulation in brown soil under different long-term fertilizations[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2022,28(5):823-834. |
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| Authors: | LIU Yu-ying DAI Jian YANG Jin-feng LUO Pei-yu LI Na REN Bin-bin AN Ning HAN Xiao-ri |
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| Institution: | College of Land and Environment, Shenyang Agricultural University / Monitoring & Experimental Station of Corn Nutrition and Fertilization in Northeast Region, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China / National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Shenyang, Liaoning 110866, China |
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| Abstract: | 【Objectives】 The effects of long-term fertilization on maize yield stability, soil mineral nitrogen (N) distribution and accumulation were studied to provide theoretical basis for making reasonable fertilization management and ensuring sustainable development of agriculture in brown soil region in northeast China. 【Methods】 This study was based on data collected from a 40-year (1979 to 2018) field experiment. Treatments included non-fertilization (CK), application of N fertilizer alone (N), application of N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers (NP), application of N, P, and potassium (K) fertilizers (NPK), application of manure alone at a low rate (M1) and with chemical fertilizers (M1N, M1NP, and M1NPK), application of manure alone at a high rate (M2) and with chemical fertilizers (M2N, M2NP, and M2NPK). Plant and soil samples were taken during maize harvesting in 2018 to illustrate crop N uptake, mineral N distribution and accumulation within 0–100 cm soil depth, and microbial biomass N (MBN) concentration within 0–40 cm soil layers. 【Results】 Maize yield fluctuated across the treatments over the period, but was more stable during the period of 1979–1998 compared with 1999–2018. The highest average maize yields were found under M1NPK and M2NPK treatments and were 10.3% and 11.7% higher than that found under NPK treatment in the early 20 years and 17.1% and 19.4% higher in the late 20 years. The stability of maize yield increased with the increase in experimental years. Sustainable yield index (SYI) of maize with manure application was higher than that with chemical fertilizer alone. The contribution rate of fertilizer was greater in treatments with manure than those with chemical fertilizer alone, and was highest in M2NPK treatment (54%). Combined application of chemical fertilizer and manure at a low rate decreased mineral N within 100 cm soil layer. Application of manure at a high rate increased mineral N residual in 0–100 cm soil layer by 324.5% and 172.9% compared with those in plots with chemical fertilizer alone and combined application of chemical fertilizer and manure at a low rate, respectively. Additionally, both low and high manure application rates similarly enhanced MBN concentration in 0–40 cm soil. 【Conclusions】 Long-term fertilization influenced yield stability, changed N distribution and accumulation in soil, and thus impacted maize N uptake. Combined application of manure at 13.5 t/hm2 with N, P, and K fertilizers enhanced maize N uptake, reduced mineral N accumulation in 0–100 cm soil, which decreased N losses to the environment. The increased MBN concentration become potential N storage in soil to ensure a high and stable maize yield and friendly environment. |
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