| 不同施肥量对旱作沟垄集雨种植农田土壤水分及玉米产量的影响 |
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| 引用本文： | 庞津雯,王钰皓,刘畅,高原,刘东华,张艳,杨宝平,贾志宽,张鹏.不同施肥量对旱作沟垄集雨种植农田土壤水分及玉米产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2021,27(5):826-836. |
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| 作者姓名： | 庞津雯 王钰皓 刘畅 高原 刘东华 张艳 杨宝平 贾志宽 张鹏 |
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| 作者单位： | 西北农林科技大学农学院/农业农村部西北黄土高原作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室/西北农林科技大学中国旱区节水农业研究院，陕西杨凌 712100 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目 (31801314，31901475)；高校科协托举计划 (20180203)；博士后基金项目 (2019T120951) |
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| 摘 要： | 【目的】 沟垄集雨种植是西北旱作农田广泛运用的高效节水栽培模式。研究不同施肥处理对旱作沟垄集雨种植农田土壤水分及玉米产量的影响，为优化施肥配置，进一步提升其增产效能提供科学依据。 【方法】 以玉米为供试作物，在宁夏回族自治区固原市进行了连续5年的田间定位施肥试验。试验玉米栽培采用集雨沟垄栽培技术，设置4个施肥水平处理:无肥对照 (CK)，低肥 (N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5 75 kg/hm2)，中肥 (N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5 150 kg/hm2)，高肥 (N 450 kg/hm2，P2O5 225 kg/hm2)。在玉米生长关键期，取0—200 cm深土壤不同层次的土壤样品，测定了土壤含水量、农田耗水量、水分利用效率，调查了玉米产量。 【结果】 无论缺水年、平水年还是丰水年，随施肥量的增加，农田耗水量、玉米干物质累积量均呈提高趋势，高、中、低水平施肥处理的农田耗水量较CK分别平均提高了8.8%、7.7%和5.3%，玉米干物质累积量分别显著 (P < 0.05) 提高了38.3%、35.8%和31.2%。在各年份，各处理土壤含水量从四叶期到抽雄吐丝期均随施肥量的增加呈降低的趋势，而在收获期，各施肥处理土壤含水量均显著 (P < 0.05) 低于CK，高、中、低水平施肥处理分别平均降低24.7%、24.2%和17.7%。综合来看，中肥处理5年平均籽粒产量最高 (11.4 t/hm2)，产量变异系数最小 (12.9%)。在丰水年，低肥处理玉米产量及籽粒水分利用效率均高于高肥和中肥处理，而在平水年和干旱年，中肥处理可获得较高的籽粒产量和水分利用效率。 【结论】 在半干旱地区，施肥量对沟垄集雨种植模式春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响受制于降雨量。在丰水年，较低的施肥量 (N 150 kg/hm2、P2O5 75 kg/hm2) 即可获得理想产量和水分利用效率，而在平水年和干旱年，中量施肥水平 (N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5 150 kg/hm2) 获得的产量和水分利用效率最高。高施肥量 (N 450 kg/hm2、P2O5 225 kg/hm2) 会造成土壤水分的大量消耗。
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| 关 键 词： | 旱作区 集雨种植 施肥量 土壤水分 水分利用率 玉米产量 |
| 收稿时间： | 2020-10-15 |
Effects of fertilization on soil moisture and maize yield in rainfed farmland with ridge mulching-furrow planting system |
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| PANG Jin-wen,WANG Yu-hao,LIU Chang,GAO Yuan,LIU Dong-hua,ZHANG Yan,YANG Bao-ping,JIA Zhi-kuan,ZHANG Peng.Effects of fertilization on soil moisture and maize yield in rainfed farmland with ridge mulching-furrow planting system[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2021,27(5):826-836. |
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| Authors: | PANG Jin-wen WANG Yu-hao LIU Chang GAO Yuan LIU Dong-hua ZHANG Yan YANG Bao-ping JIA Zhi-kuan ZHANG Peng |
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| Institution: | College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiecology and Tillage Science in Northwestern Loess Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China |
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| Abstract: | 【Objectives】 Ridge mulching-furrow planting is a high-efficiency and water-saving cultivation mode widely used in arid northwest China. To understand the effects of fertilization on crop yield, we conducted a five-year field experiment in Guyuan of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and analyzed the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil moisture and maize yield. 【Methods】 Ridge mulching-furrow planting system, as a rainwater harvesting system, was adopted in this experiment. The four different fertilization levels in this study were: no fertilizer control (CK); low fertilizer rate (N 150 kg/hm2, P2O5 75 kg/hm2); medium fertilizer rate (N 300 kg/hm2, P2O5 150 kg/hm2) and high fertilizer rate (N 450 kg/hm2, P2O5 225 kg/hm2). During the key growing stages of maize, soil samples were collected in 0–200 cm depth for determination of water content, water consumption of farmland, water use efficiency (WUE), while maize yield was assessed at maturity stage. 【Results】 The water consumption of farmland and dry matter accumulation (DM) of maize increased with the increase in fertilizer amount, regardless of annual rainfall. Compared to CK, high, medium and low fertilizer treatments increased water consumption by 8.6%, 7.7% and 5.3%, respectively, while they increased dry matter accumulation by 38.3%, 35.8% and 31.2%, respectively. In general, the medium fertilizer treatment had the highest average grain yield (11.4 t/hm2) with the lowest yield variation coefficient (12.9%). In wet year, low fertilizer treatment had higher maize yield and water use efficiency than high and medium fertilizer treatments did, while in median water year and drought year, medium fertilizer treatment had higher grain yield and water use efficiency. 【Conclusions】 In semi-arid area, the effects of fertilizer application rate on yield and water use efficiency under the ridge-furrow rainfall harvesting planting relies on rainfall. In wet year, lower fertilizer rate (N 150 kg/hm2, P2O5 75 kg/hm2) could achieve higher yield and WUE, while in normal and drought year, middle level of fertilization rate (N 300 kg/hm2, P2O5 150 kg/hm2) is recommended. High fertilizer rate (N 450 kg/hm2, P2O5 225 kg/hm2) could reduce soil water. |
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