Survival in the soil of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor and the effects of a mycorrhiza helper Pseudomonas fluorescens |
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| Institution: | 1. UMR INRA-UHP, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Centre de Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France;2. UMR INRA-ENGREF, Equipe Dynamique des Systèmes Forestiers, 14 rue Girardet, 54042 Nancy Cedex, France;3. INRA, Unité Cycles Biogéochimiques, 54280 Champenoux, France.;4. INRA, Unité de Prédéveloppement in vitro de Dijon, 17 rue Sully BV 1540, 21034 Dijon Cedex, France;5. UMR INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Microbiologie des Sols, GEOSOL, 17 rue Sully BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France;1. Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences-Organic Geochemistry, P.O. Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, the Netherlands;2. Utrecht University, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Biology-Molecular Plant Physiology, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands;3. Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Grasweg 31, 1031 HW Amsterdam, the Netherlands;4. Department of Ocean Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, the Netherlands;1. Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School, Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany;2. Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310058 Hangzhou, China;1. Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands;2. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China;3. SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China;4. Wageningen Environmental Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands |
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| Abstract: | In disinfected forest nursery soils, inoculating Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings with the ectomycorrhizal fungal strain Laccaria bicolor S238N significantly increases tree growth after outplantating. However, the success of the inoculation depends on survival of the fungal inoculum in the soil during the pre-symbiotic life of the fungus. We followed the survival of L. bicolor S238N in autoclaved nursery soil in the glasshouse, and under gnotobiotic conditions in autoclaved or γ-irradiated nursery soil. We also studied the effect of the mycorrhiza helper bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens BBc6R8, which promotes the Douglas fir-L. bicolor S238N symbiosis, on fungal viability. In the glasshouse, fungal viability was assessed by trapping with Douglas fir seedlings. We showed that the fungus retained its viability in a pre-symbiotic state in the soil at least for 23 weeks, which is much longer than that reported in the literature for other ectomycorrhizal fungi. The bacterium did not significantly modify the survival of the fungus. In the gnotobiotic experiments, ergosterol, a specific fungal membrane component, was used to quantify fungal biomass. Fungal behaviour differed with the disinfection technique used, which modified the chemical characteristics of the initial soil. There was no fungal growth in the autoclaved soil but there was a rapid increase of fungal biomass in the irradiated soil. The effect of the bacterium on fungal biomass also varied with a significant stimulation in the autoclaved soil vs. a significant inhibition in the irradiated soil. Our results show that the beneficial effect of the bacterium on the fungus depends on the condition of the fungus, i.e. the greatest benefit occurs when the fungus is growing under unfavourable conditions. |
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