| 适宜咸水滴灌提高棉花水氮利用率 |
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| 引用本文： | 马丽娟,侯振安,闵 伟,段锦波,侯 森,冶 军.适宜咸水滴灌提高棉花水氮利用率[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(14):130-138. |
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| 作者姓名： | 马丽娟 侯振安 闵 伟 段锦波 侯 森 冶 军 |
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| 作者单位： | 石河子大学农学院资源与环境科学系，石河子 832003;石河子大学农学院资源与环境科学系，石河子 832003;石河子大学农学院资源与环境科学系，石河子 832003;石河子大学农学院资源与环境科学系，石河子 832003;石河子大学农学院资源与环境科学系，石河子 832003;石河子大学农学院资源与环境科学系，石河子 832003 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家973计划项目（2009CB825101-5）；国家自然科学基金资助项目（30960210） |
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| 摘 要： | 通过田间试验研究了不同灌溉水盐度和灌溉量对棉花水氮利用效率的影响。试验设置三种灌溉水盐度（电导率EC）：0.35（淡水）、4.61（微咸水）和8.04 dS/m（咸水），分别以FW、BW和SW表示；两个灌溉量405和540 mm，分别以I405、I540表示。结果表明微咸水灌溉棉花干物质质量最高，其次是淡水灌溉，咸水灌溉最低。咸水灌溉棉花的氮素吸收量、产量显著降低，但微咸水与淡水灌溉差异不显著。农田蒸散量随灌溉水量的增加而增加，随灌溉水盐度的增加而降低。微咸水灌溉对滴灌棉田蒸散量和水分生产率影响不大，但咸水灌溉导致蒸散量和水分生产率显著降低。15N同位素标记试验结果表明，三种灌溉水盐度下，高灌量处理（540 mm）较低灌量处理（405 mm）棉花15N回收率平均增加7.51%，土壤15N回收率降低13.20%，15N淋洗损失率增加29.47%。不同灌溉水盐度处理棉花15N回收率为47.02%～59.86%，微咸水灌溉棉花15N回收率与淡水灌溉差异不大，但咸水灌溉棉花15N回收率较淡水和微咸水灌溉分别降低了10.17%和15.23%。不同灌溉水盐度对土壤15N残留率的影响较小，为16.75%～22.41%。15N的淋洗损失率为1.56%～4.71%，表现为随灌溉水盐度的增加而显著增加，咸水和微咸水灌溉15N淋洗损失率平均较淡水灌溉分别增加了80.53%和136.00%。上述结果说明适宜盐度和灌溉量的微咸水滴灌对棉花生长、产量以及水氮利用率影响不大，但高盐度咸水灌溉会导致棉花减产，水氮利用率显著降低。滴灌条件下，氮素的淋洗损失也是氮肥损失的重要途径，尤其是咸水和微咸水灌溉会加剧氮肥的淋洗损失风险。因此，咸水微咸水灌溉条件下减少氮肥的淋洗损失是提高氮肥利用率的重要方面。
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| 关 键 词： | 灌溉，氮，盐份，棉花，产量，水分利用率，15N回收率 |
| 收稿时间： | 2012/12/13 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2013/6/22 0:00:00 |
Drip irrigation with suitable saline water improves water use efficiency for cotton |
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| Institution: | Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China;Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China;Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China;Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China;Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China;Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China |
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| Abstract: | Abstract: The scarcity of fresh water in arid regions makes saline water a valuable alternative water source for irrigation. In this study, field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of saline water irrigation on growth, yield and water use efficiency of cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.), as well as plant and soil 15N recovery. Three irrigation water salinity levels were designed as 0.35, 4.61 and 8.04 dS/m, representing fresh water (FW), brackish water (BW), and saline water (SW), respectively. Two irrigation amounts were set as 405 mm (I405) and 540 mm (I540) under each irrigation water salinity treatment. Overall, the dry matter weight, N uptake, and yield of cotton increased with irrigation amount increasing from 405 mm to 540 mm, but there were differences under different water salinity treatments. The highest dry matter weight of cotton was found under the BW treatment, which was 9.6% and 20.2% higher than that under the FW and SW treatments, respectively. Plant N uptake and yield under SW treatment was significantly lower than that under FW treatments, but there were no significant difference between the BW and FW treatments. The ET of cotton field increased with irrigation amount increased, but decreased with water salinity increasing from 0.35 dS/m to 4.61 dS/m, and to 8.04 dS/m. BW had the similar ET with FW, but ET was significantly reduced under SW treatment. The water productivity of cotton and the water productivity of irrigation under different treatments ranged from 0.70 to 1.02 kg/m3 and from 0.79 to 1.16 kg/m3, respectively. The water productivity of cotton and the water productivity of irrigation were significantly higher in BW and FW than the SW treatment. The result of 15N Isotopes tracer experiment showed that the plant 15N recovery under the I540 treatments was on average 7.51% higher than that under I405 treatments. The soil 15N recovery was reduced with 13.20% and 15N leaching percentage was increased with 29.47% when irrigation amount increasing from 405 mm to 540 mm. The plant 15N recovery under various treatments ranged from 47.02% to 59.86% under different water salinity treatments. The plant 15N recovery under the SW treatment was 10.17% and 15.23% lower than that under the FW and BW treatments, respectively. The soil 15N recovery under various treatments ranged from 16.75% to 22.14% and was slightly affected by the water salinity. The total recovery of 15N in plants and soils under different treatments ranged from 68.9% to 76.6% with an average of 72.2%. The total recovery of 15N was higher in BW and FW than the SW treatment. The 15N leaching percentage ranged from 1.56% to 4.71% for different treatments and was significantly affected by the water salinity. The 15N leaching percentage was significantly higher in SW and BW than the FW treatment, representing 80.53% and 136.00% increase, respectively. Those results suggest that the yield, water use efficiency, and 15N recovery of cotton are not affected by brackish water with an optimum salinity level and irrigation amount. Saline water irrigation could cause cotton yield, water use efficiency, and nitrogen use efficiency decreased significantly. Nitrogen leaching is one of the major ways of N loss in cotton field under drip irrigation conditions. Saline water and brackish water irrigation may increase the risk of N leaching loss from the root zone. Therefore, minimizing the N leaching loss is very important for promoting N fertilizer use efficiency in cotton field under drip irrigation with saline water. |
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| Keywords: | irrigation nitrogen salts cotton yield water use efficiency 15N recovery |
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