Design properties for molded,corn-based DDGS-filled phenolic resin |
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| Authors: | RA Tatara KA Rosentrater S Suraparaju |
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| Institution: | 1. Department of Technology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, United States;2. USDA, ARS, North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006, United States;3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, United States;1. College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, PR China;2. Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China;3. Institute of Electrostatics and Special Power, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, PR China;1. Solid State Research Lab., Dept. of Physics, Burdwan University, Burdwan 713104, India;2. Department of Physics, Raiganj College, Uttar Dinajpur 733134, W.B., India;3. Department of Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;1. Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;2. School of Development Studies, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China;3. College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China;4. Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB)/Department of Biology and Environment, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Apartado 1013, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal;1. Institute of Organic Contaminant Control and Soil Remediation, College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China;2. Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;1. Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;2. Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agriculture University, Sichuan 625014, China;3. Department of Animal Science, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China |
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| Abstract: | With the rapid growth in the ethanol fuel industry in recent years, considerable research is being devoted to maximizing the use of processing coproducts, such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), typically for livestock diets. Because these residues contain high fiber levels, they may be amendable to incorporation into polymers as well, which is an option that could garner greater economic returns. Thus, the goal of this study was to demonstrate the viability of using corn-based DDGS as a biofiller with phenolic resin, in order to produce a novel biomaterial. DDGS was blended with phenolic resin at four levels (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%, by weight), and then compression molded at 13.8, 34.5, or 48.3 MPa (1.0, 2.5, or 3.5 tons/in.2) and 157, 174, or 191 °C (315, 345, or 375 F). Molded specimens were then tested for a variety of mechanical and physical properties. Pressure and temperature each had little effect on the resulting properties. DDGS, on the other hand, greatly influenced all of the properties. Tensile yield strengths ranged from 14.5 MPa (2102 psi) to 4.3 MPa (621 psi), while the Young's modulus ranged from 2296 MPa (333,000 psi) to 841 MPa (122,000 psi) as the DDGS content increased. For all time periods studied, water absorption increased as DDGS level increased. Moreover, as DDGS content increased to a maximum of 75%, biodegradability increased from 0% to 38% while the surface hardness decreased 25%. These results were similar to those from other studies that have investigated biofillers. Follow-up studies should aim to optimize the strength of the DDGS-blended resins through the use of coupling agents or other additives. |
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