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Alkylresorcinol composition allows the differentiation of Triticum spp. having different degrees of ploidy |
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| Institution: | 1. University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Garbenstraße 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany;2. University of Hohenheim, State Plant Breeding Institute, Fruwirthstraße 21, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany;3. King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Science, Biological Science Department, P.O. Box 80257, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;1. Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 23-166, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;2. Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;3. Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Section 4, Tingzhou Road, Taipei 11677, Taiwan;1. KU Leuven, Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;2. Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology (VCBT), Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;1. Membre associé, Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LA3M, Aix-en-Provence, France;2. BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, UK;3. Dipartimento dei Beni culturali, DBC, Università degli studi di Padova, Italy;1. BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, United Kingdom;2. Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties, Nijo-cho 2-9-1, Nara, Nara Prefecture, 630-8577, Japan;3. Department of Archaeology and Art History, Dongguk University, 23, Dongdae-ro, Gyeongju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 780-714, Republic of Korea;4. The Samhan Institute of Cultural Properties, 375 Seongso-ro, Dalseo-gu, Daegu-si, 704-140, Republic of Korea;1. BioArCh, University of York, Environment Building, Wentworth Way Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom;2. Arctic Centre and the Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, Aweg 30, 9718CW, Groningen, the Netherlands;3. Center for Baltic and Scandinavian Archaeology, Foundation of the Schleswig-Holstein State Museums Schloss Gottorf, 24837, Schleswig, Germany;4. Leibniz-Laboratory for AMS Dating and Stable Isotope Research, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 11-13, 24118, Kiel, Germany;5. Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 Dvortsovaya emb, 191186, Saint-Petersburg, Russia;6. The State Hermitage museum, 34 Dvortsovaya emb, Saint-Petersburg, 190000, Russia;7. The British Museum, Great Russell St, London, WC1B 3DG, United Kingdom |
| Abstract: | Total alkylresorcinol (AR) content and homologue composition were assessed in whole grain flours of 15 varieties each of bread wheat, durum, spelt, emmer, and einkorn grown in four different environments. Bread wheat (761 ± 92 μg/g DM) and spelt (743 ± 57 μg/g) belonging to the hexaploid species showed higher AR concentrations than the tetraploid durum (654 ± 48 μg/g, p < 0.05), while the concentrations found in the diploid einkorn (737 ± 91 μg/g) and the tetraploid emmer (697 ± 94 μg/g) did not significantly differ from the other species. The AR content showed a remarkable heritability and, thus, seemed to be mainly determined by genetic factors. If ARs were assumed to be deposited within a specific AR-rich layer of the kernel, AR levels of all varieties would easily surpass their minimal inhibitory concentrations against fungal pathogens within this barrier layer. Although the AR carrying a C21:0 side chain was the main homologue in all species, the levels of all AR homologues and their relative composition significantly differed between hexaploid (bread wheat and spelt), tetraploid (durum and emmer) and diploid (einkorn) species. Consequently, a clear-cut differentiation of Triticum species and derived whole grain flours according to their degrees of ploidy was established based on concentrations of saturated C17-, C19-, C21-, C23-, and C25-substituted ARs. |
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