| 覆膜时期与施氮量对旱地玉米土壤耗水特征及产量的影响 |
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| 引用本文： | 张建军,樊廷录,党翼,赵刚,王磊,李尚中,王淑英,程万莉.覆膜时期与施氮量对旱地玉米土壤耗水特征及产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(6):72-78. |
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| 作者姓名： | 张建军 樊廷录 党翼 赵刚 王磊 李尚中 王淑英 程万莉 |
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| 作者单位： | 1. 甘肃省农业科学院旱地农业研究所, 兰州 730070;2. 甘肃省旱作区水资源高效利用重点实验室, 兰州 730070 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金项目（41561067）；甘肃省自然科学基金项目（17JR5RA182，18JR3RA255）；公益性农业行业科研专项（201503124） |
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| 摘 要： | 为了研究覆膜时期与施氮量对陇东旱地春玉米田土壤耗水特征、产量及籽粒品质的影响,达到高产高效优质生产的目的。采用大田试验方式,运用裂区设计,主处理为覆膜时期,设秋季覆膜(休闲期覆膜)和春季覆膜(播前覆膜)2个水平,副处理为施氮量,分别为施纯N 0(CK),75(N75),150(N150),225(N225),300(N300),375(N375),450(N450)kg/hm2 7个施氮水平。测定了春玉米休闲期与各生育时期0—300cm土壤含水量、产量性状、干物质积累及籽粒品质。结果表明:(1)秋季覆膜能显著提高0—200,0—300cm土壤贮水量,较春季覆膜增幅分别为54.0～97.7,53.9～108.8mm。(2)无论何时覆膜,长期施氮较CK极显著降低了各生育时期0—300cm土壤贮水量。(3)休闲期覆膜较不覆膜极显著降低了土壤耗水量,减少幅度为47.2～55.7mm。(4)全生育期各处理玉米耗水量基本呈前期少、中期多、后期少的趋势,秋季覆膜较春季覆膜增幅为38.6～86.7mm,与播前底墒密切相关。(5)无论何时覆膜,施氮225kg/hm2春玉米产量和水分利用效率均较高,超过225kg/hm2时,产量下降。各施氮处理平均产量秋季覆膜较春季覆膜增加5.2%。各生育时期干物质积累量和收获指数以施N 225kg/hm2较高。另外,施氮极显著影响粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分含量。因此,覆膜尤其是秋季覆膜垄沟种植结合施氮225kg/hm2能明显提高春玉米产量和水分利用效率,优化产量构成,改善籽粒品质,是陇东旱塬区玉米高效优质生产的适宜种植模式。
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| 关 键 词： | 黄土旱塬 覆膜时期 施氮量 耗水特征 产量 水分利用效率 |
| 收稿时间： | 2018/4/24 0:00:00 |
Effect of Film Mulching Period and Nitrogen Application Rate on Soil Water Consumption Characteristics and Maize Yield in Dryland |
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| ZHANG Jianjun,FAN Tinglu,DANG Yi,ZHAO Gang,WANG Lei,LI Shangzhong,WANG Shuying,CHENG Wanli.Effect of Film Mulching Period and Nitrogen Application Rate on Soil Water Consumption Characteristics and Maize Yield in Dryland[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(6):72-78. |
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| Authors: | ZHANG Jianjun FAN Tinglu DANG Yi ZHAO Gang WANG Lei LI Shangzhong WANG Shuying CHENG Wanli |
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| Institution: | 1. Dryland Agriculture Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Science, Lanzhou 730070;2. Gansu Key Laboratory of Efficiency Water Utilization of Dry Land Farming, Lanzhou 730070 |
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| Abstract: | In order to obtain a high-yield, high-efficiency and high-quality cultivation technique, this study was carried out to research the effects of film mulching period and nitrogen application rate on the soil water consumption characteristics, grain yield and quality of spring maize in dry lands of eastern Gansu province of China. The field experiment used a split-plot design. The main plot treatment was film mulching period. There were two levels of film mulching in autumn (mulching in farm slack season) and in spring (film mulching before seeding). The subplot treatment was nitrogen application rates, which include seven levels of nitrogen, 0 kg/hm2 (CK), 75 kg/hm2 (N75), 150 kg/hm2 (N150), 225 kg/hm2 (N225), 300 kg/hm2 (N300), 375 kg/hm2 (N375), and 450 kg/hm2 (N450). The 0-300 cm soil moisture content of autumn time and spring maize season, yield traits, dry matter accumulation and grain quality were measured. The results showed that:(1) Compared with film mulching in spring, film mulching in autumn significantly increases the soil water storage by 54.0~97.7 mm at 0-200 cm depth, and by 53.9~108.8 mm in 0-300 cm depth. (2) Long-term nitrogen application significantly reduced soil water storage at 0-300 cm during each growth period compared with CK. (3) Compared with the no film mulching, film mulching in autumn significantly reduced soil water consumption by 47.2~55.7 mm. (4) The water consumption was higher at middle maize growth stage than at early stage and late stage. The total water consumption of maize in the whole growth stage was 38.6~86.7 mm higher in autumn mulching than in spring mulching. This was closely related to soil water content before seeding. (5) The highest grain yield and water use efficiency was in treatment N225 kg/hm2. The average grain yield of different N application treatments in autumn mulching was 5.2% higher than that of spring mulching. The pure N225 kg/hm2 treatment also had the highest dry matter accumulation in different growth stages and harvest index. In addition, nitrogen application significantly affected crude protein, crude fat, and ash content. Therefore, the combination of film mulching in autumn and N 225 kg/hm2 could significantly increase the yield and water use efficiency of spring maize, optimize the yield composition, and improve grain quality. It is a suitable planting mode for efficient and high-quality maize production in the drylands of the eastern Gansu Province. |
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| Keywords: | dryland in the Loess Plateau mulching period nitrogen application rate water consumption characteristics yield water use efficiency |
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