| 秸秆还田提高水稻-油菜轮作土壤固氮能力及作物产量 |
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| 引用本文： | 张丹,付斌,胡万里,翟丽梅,刘宏斌,陈安强,盖霞普,张亦涛,刘剑,王洪媛.秸秆还田提高水稻-油菜轮作土壤固氮能力及作物产量[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(9):133-140. |
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| 作者姓名： | 张丹 付斌 胡万里 翟丽梅 刘宏斌 陈安强 盖霞普 张亦涛 刘剑 王洪媛 |
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| 作者单位： | 1. 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,农业部面源污染控制重点实验室,北京 100081;2. 云南省农业科学院农业环境资源研究所,昆明,650205;3. 宾夕法尼亚州立大学植物营养系,宾夕法尼亚 16802 |
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| 基金项目： | 国家自然科学基金（41301311），国家公益性行业（农业）科研专项（201303095），国家重点研发计划（2016YFD0800500） |
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| 摘 要： | 为探讨西南山区水稻-油菜轮作模式下秸秆还田对作物产量和土壤氮素固持能力的影响,于2013-2015年在洱海流域稻油轮作农田中设置空白处理(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、化肥+玉米秸秆(CFMS)以及化肥+蚕豆秸秆(CFBS)4个处理,测定分析了作物产量、土壤微生物量及土壤理化性质等关键指标。结果表明,与CF处理相比,秸秆还田提高水稻、油菜产量及其地上部含氮量,增加氮素有效输出。不同处理土壤微生物量碳、氮质量分数存在差异,其大小顺序为:CFMSCFBSCFCK。与土壤碳氮比相比,土壤微生物熵和微生物量C/N对秸秆还田做出快速响应,秸秆还田提高土壤微生物熵,降低微生物量C/N。此外,秸秆还田显著降低油菜收获后的土壤硝态氮残留(P0.05),与CF相比,玉米秸秆和蚕豆秸秆还田分别使土壤硝态氮残留量减少11.6%~55.0%和13.7%~52.3%。可见,中国西南山区稻油轮作模式下秸秆还田能提高作物产量和含氮量,增强土壤微生物氮素固持能力,有效降低土壤氮素流失风险,且玉米秸秆在增产、固氮方面的作用优于蚕豆秸秆。结果可为提高西南山区水稻、油菜产量,增强土壤氮素固持能力,降低土壤氮素流失风险提供参考。
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| 关 键 词： | 秸秆 有机碳 土壤 秸秆还田 水稻-油菜轮作 作物产量 土壤微生物量 硝态氮残留 |
| 收稿时间： | 2016/10/27 0:00:00 |
| 修稿时间： | 2017/5/9 0:00:00 |
Increasing soil nitrogen fixation capacity and crop yield of rice-rape rotation by straw returning |
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| Zhang Dan,Fu Bin,Hu Wanli,Zhai Limei,Liu Hongbin,Chen Anqiang,Gai Xiapu,Zhang Yitao,Liu Jian and Wang Hongyuan.Increasing soil nitrogen fixation capacity and crop yield of rice-rape rotation by straw returning[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017,33(9):133-140. |
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| Authors: | Zhang Dan Fu Bin Hu Wanli Zhai Limei Liu Hongbin Chen Anqiang Gai Xiapu Zhang Yitao Liu Jian and Wang Hongyuan |
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| Institution: | 1. Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;,2. Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan 650205, China;,2. Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan 650205, China;,1. Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;,1. Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;,2. Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan 650205, China;,1. Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;,1. Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;,3. College of Plant Nutrition, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA; and 1. Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Nonpoint Source Pollution Control, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; |
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| Abstract: | Abstract: Recently, crop straws returning to field has been vigorously proposed as an effective strategy to promote agricultural sustainability in China. However, there were few studies revealing the effects of straw return on rice (Oryza Sativa) - rape (Brassica campestris) rotation systems in Southwest China, especially lacking contrastive research about different crop straws. To explore the effects of straw incorporation on crop yield and soil nitrogen (N) retention of rice-rape rotation system, a field experiment was conducted from 2013 to 2015 in Yunnan Province. Specifically, the experiment consisted of 4 treatments: No fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (CF), chemical fertilizer plus maize straw (CFMS), and chemical fertilizer plus broad bean straw (CFBS). Crop yield, soil N content, soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), and some other soil physicochemical properties were determined after rice or rape harvest. The results showed that straw incorporation (CFMS and CFBS) considerably increased crop yield and total biomass compared with the CF, and the yield and biomass of rape were increased by 28.6%-62.1% and 5.2%-20.2%, respectively, and those of rice were increased by 6.2%-35.8% and 35.7%-87.4%, respectively. In particular, CFMS produced the highest crop yield (4.2-4.7 t/hm2 for rape and 11.0-12.2 t/hm2 for rice), and CFMS increased the rape and rice yield by 16.7%-17.5% and 24.5%-27.9%, respectively, compared with CFBS. In consistent with the effects on crop yield, straw incorporation effectively increased the N content of rice and rape, and CFMS and CFBS increased the N content by 14.5%-20.2% and 5.2%-9.0% for rape, respectively, and 68.3%-87.4% and 35.7%-55.0% for rice, respectively, relative to the CF. In addition, CFMS significantly increased the N content (161.0-185.3 kg/hm2 for rape and 219.0-243.1 kg/hm2 for rice) compared with CFBS (153.3-162.1 kg/hm2 for rape and 176.6-201.0 kg/hm2 for rice) (P<0.05). Furthermore, the SMBC and SMBN under straw incorporation were both increased significantly compared with CK (P<0.05), and they were ranked in such order: CFMS>CFBS>CF>CK. There was no significant difference in the soil pH value, total N, soil organic matter (SOM) and soil C/N among these 4 treatments (P>0.05) because of the relatively short experimental period (only lasting for 2 years). Generally, the soil microbial entropy and soil microbial biomass C/N (SMB C/N) could quickly respond to straw incorporation compared with the highly stable soil C/N. Nitrate N was the main component of inorganic N in soil, and soil residual N after crop was harvested was significantly decreased under straw incorporation (P<0.05), which declined by 11.6%-55.0% for CFMS and 13.7%-52.3% for CFBS compared with the CF (45.4 mg/kg). Rainfall mainly occurred during rice growing season (from May to October) in Southwest China, which had a high potential to cause N losses. However, the significant reduction of residual N in soil by straw incorporation after rape was harvested could probably lead to a lower potential of N loss in rice growing season. We conclude that the incorporation of straw into soil can increase crop yield and crop N uptake, improve soil N immobilization potential and reduce risks of N loss in the rice-rape rotation in Southwest China. Particularly, the incorporation of maize straw demonstrates greater advantages in yield increase and N retention than bean straw in actual production. |
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| Keywords: | straw organic carbon soils straw returning rice-rape rotation crop yield soil microbial biomass nitrate nitrogen residual |
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